Med I - Azotemia

Front 1

Azotemia
-define

Back 1

-increased serum concentrations of non-protein, nitrogenous waste products (BUN, creatinine)

Front 2

Urea nitrogen
-production

Back 2

-produced in liver from 2 ammonia molecules

Front 3

Urea nitrogen
-excretion

Back 3

-glomerular filtration
-tubular reabsorption

Front 4

Increased BUN
-due to

Back 4

-increased production
-decreased excretion

Front 5

BUN
-causes for increased production

Back 5

-high protein diets (more ammonia moves to the liver)
-upper GI tract hemorrhage ("high protein diet")
-catabolic states that result in the breakdown of body proteins

Front 6

BUN
-causes for decreased excretion

Back 6

-prerenal causes (decreased perfusion, dehydration, decreased CO)
-renal causes (acute kidney injury, CKD, etc.)
-postreanl causes (obstruction to urine flow, uroabdomen, etc.)

Front 7

Decreased BUN
-due to

Back 7

-decreased production
-increased excretion

Front 8

BUN
-causes for decreased production

Back 8

-liver dysfunction (fibrosis, cyrosis, portosystemic shunt)
-low protein diet
-anabolic steroids

Front 9

BUN
-causes for increased excretion

Back 9

-diuresis (high tubular flow ---> less efficient reabsorption)

Front 10

Creatinine
-production

Back 10

-end-product of normal muscle metabolism

*not damaged muscle

Front 11

Creatinine
-excreted how

Back 11

-glomerular filtration only

(no tubular reabsorption)

Front 12

Increased creatinine
-causes

Back 12

Decreased excretion
-pre-renal
-renal
-post renal

Front 13

Decreased creatinine
-causes

Back 13

-loss of muscle mass (rare)

Front 14

When both BUN and creatinine are increased, what is present?

Back 14

-decreased excretion

Front 15

Decreased excretion
-3 rule-outs

Back 15

-pre-renal
-renal
-post renal

Front 16

Pre-renal azotemia
-describe

Back 16

-kidneys are normal
-response by producing hjypersthenuric urine

Front 17

Prerenal causes of azotemia
-examples

Back 17

-dehydration
-decreased CO
-clot in renal artery
-hypotension (anesthesia, cardiomyopathy)

Front 18

Hypersthenuric urine values in
-dog
-cat

Back 18

-Dog = > 1.030

-Cat = > 1.035

Front 19

Renal azotemia
-describe

Back 19

-kidneys are abnormal
-isosthenuric or minimally concentrated urine

Front 20

Persistent renal azotemia can indicate:

Back 20

-renal failure

Front 21

Postrenal azotemia
-describe

Back 21

-normal kidneys
-USG dependent on hydration status

Front 22

Postrenal azotemia causes
-examples

Back 22

-urethral obstruction
-rupture of bladder
-avulsed ureter

Front 23

How to try and prove pre-renal azotemia

Back 23

-correct dehydration then remeasure azotemia

Front 24

High serum urea nitrogen to serum creatinine ration could be caused by:

Back 24

-decreased muscle mass

Front 25

Disproportionate increases in BUN relative to creatinine can be caused by:

Back 25

-high-protein diet
-upper GI hemorrhage
-increased tubular reabsorption of urea nitrogen (due to prerenal azotemia)

Front 26

In a uroabdomen, should the concentration of BUN or creatinine be higher?

Back 26

-creatinine

Front 27

Best ways to confirm a rupture of the urethra or bladder?

Back 27

-urethrography
-cystography