Lom Ch 5 Digestive Pathology

Front 1

Crohn disease

Back 1

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Causes diarrhea, cramping, fever. Can affect anywhere from mouth to anus (most often terminal ileum and colon).

Front 2

hiatal hernia

Back 2

upper part of the stomach protrudes upward thru the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

Front 3

ileus

Back 3

failure of peristalsis

Front 4

diarrhea

Back 4

frequent, loose, watery stools.

Front 5

viral hepatitis

Back 5

inflammation of the liver caused by virus. Symptoms: malaise, anorexia, occasional joint pain; in severe cases: nausea & jaundice.

Front 6

ascites

Back 6

abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen. Fluid seeps out of bloodstream & collects in peritoneal cavity. Entire stomach looks ballooned, pregnant.

Front 7

inguinal hernia

Back 7

small loop of bowel protrudes thru a weak place in the lower abdominal muscle wall (groin)

Front 8

achalasia

Back 8

failure of lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax. Loss of peristalsis occurs, causing dilation & widening of exophagus.

Front 9

periodontal disease

Back 9

inflammation & degeneration of gums, teeth, & surrounding bone-result of accumulation of dental plaque, dental calculus, tartar; a.k.a. pyorrhea

Front 10

volvulus

Back 10

twisting of the intestine upon itself. A surgical emergency.

Front 11

intussusception

Back 11

telescoping of the intestines. A cause of intestinal obstruction; mostly in kids, & in the ileocecal region. Treatment: resection & anastomosis.

Front 12

anorexia

Back 12

lack of appetite. Often a sign of malignancy or liver disease. (anorexia nervosa-loss of appetite due to emotional problems...an eating disorder)

Front 13

gallstones
(cholelithiasis)
(choledocholithiasis)

Back 13

crystallization of cholesterol & other materials to form stones in the gallbladdder or bile ducts.

Front 14

Hepatitis B
(serum hepatitis)

Back 14

from B virus, acquired parenterally, thru blood (transfusions, needles, dental/surgical instruments), body fluids (tears, saliva, semen. Vaccine available.

Front 15

ulcerative colitis

Back 15

chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers. Involves rectal bleeding & pain, associated w/ higher risk of colon cancer

Front 16

dysentery

Back 16

painful, inflamed intestines. Often in the colon, often from ingested food/water containing bacteria or viruses. Colitis, diarrhea, abdominal cramps occur.

Front 17

hernia

Back 17

protrusion of an organ or part thru the muscle normally containing it

Front 18

jaundice

Back 18

a.k.a. icterus; yellow-orange coloration of skin & other tissues from high levels of bilirubin in blood (hyperbilirubinemia). 3 major causes are hemolysis, liver disease & obstruction of bile flow.

Front 19

dysphagia

Back 19

difficulty in swallowing.

Front 20

oral leukoplakia

Back 20

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth. A precancerous condition, often from chronic tobacco & alcohol use

Front 21

borborygmus

Back 21

rumbling, gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract.

Front 22

diverticula
(singular: diverticulum)
diverticulosis

Back 22

abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall. Common location is sigmoid colon. Diverticulitis occurs when undigested food/bacteria becomes trapped there.

Front 23

cirrhosis

Back 23

chronic disease of the liver w/ degeneration of liver cells. Commonly from alcoholism w/ malnutrition, also infection & poisons.

Front 24

anal fistula

Back 24

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. Usually (not always) opens into rectum.

Front 25

constipation

Back 25

difficult, delayed elimination of feces. Stools are dry & hard when peristalsis is slow. Laxatives & cathartics (strong laxatives) encourage movement of fees from colon.

Front 26

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 26

solids & fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.
*heartburn is from regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from stomach to esophagus

Front 27

Hepatitis A
(previously called infectious hepatitis)

Back 27

inflammation of liver, caused by type A virus- a benign, acute, self-limited disorder transmitted by infected water & food (virus is excreted in feces)

Front 28

anal fissure

Back 28

narrow crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus.

Front 29

odynophagia

Back 29

painful swallowing

Front 30

colonic polyposis

Back 30

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Front 31

eructation

Back 31

belching-expelling of gas from stomach thru mouth. Flatus is gas expelled thru anus. Flatulence-presence of excessive gas in both stomach & intestines.

Front 32

hematochezia

Back 32

bright, fresh, red blood discharged from the rectum. Associated withrapid bleeding, as from a duodenal ulcer, ulcerative colitis, or hemorrhoids.

Front 33

colorectal cancer

Back 33

adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both. Approx. 50% develop in rectosigmoid region

Front 34

irritable bowel syndrome

Back 34

a group of GI symptoms (diarrhea & constipation, lower ab pain, bloating)associated with stress & tension. a.k.a spastic colon.

Front 35

hemorrhoids

Back 35

swollen, tortuous veins in the rectal region. Often from chronic constipation, straining; can be internal/external;

Front 36

pancreatitis

Back 36

inflammation of the pancreas. Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue.

Front 37

steatorrhea

Back 37

fat in the feces. May indicate disease of pancreas or small intestine

Front 38

melena

Back 38

black, tarry stools; feces containing blood. Usually reflects a condition in which blood has had time to be digested.

Front 39

ulcer

Back 39

open sore or lesion of skin tissue. Peptic ulcers are gastric ulcers & duodenal ulcers.

Front 40

Hepatitis C

Back 40

transmitted by blood/blood products. Transmission thru sexual contact & from mother to infant is rare.

Front 41

esophageal varices

Back 41

swollen, tortuous veins in the distal portion of esophagus or upper part of stomach.

Front 42

dental caries

Back 42

tooth decay

Front 43

aphthous stomatitis

Back 43

inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers. a.k.a. canker sores;

Front 44

herpetic stomatitis

Back 44

inflammation of mouth by infection of herpesvirus (gingiva, lips, palate & tongue are affected). a.k.a. fever blisters or cold sores