Lecture - "articulations (Joints)"

Front 1

The place of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, or bones and teeth;

- Names usually derived from articulating bones;

- More mobile = less stable

Back 1

Articulations (Joints)

Front 2

Fibrous joints - dense irregular connective tissue;

- Cartilaginous joints - fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

- Synovial joints - fluid-filled synovial capsule and articular cartilage

Back 2

Structural Classification of joints (based on intervening medium)

Front 3

Synarthrosis - immovable joint

Ampiarthrosis - slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis - freely movable joint

Back 3

Functional classification of joints (degree of movement)

Front 4

Relatively immobile

- Bones may fuse over time

- examples: suture, syndesmosis, interosseous membrane, gomphosis (only teeth)

Back 4

Fibrous joint

Front 5

Relatively immobile

- consists of bar of cartilage between bones

- examples: synchondrosis (growth plate), symphasis (fibro cartilage between bone)

Back 5

Cartilaginous joint

Front 6

annulus fibrosus: outer rings of fibrocartilage;

- nucleus pulposus: softer, gelatinous center region;

- shock absorbents and enable flexing of vertebral joints

Back 6

Invertebral discs

Front 7

surrounded by fibrous articular capsule

- Synovial membrane: thin inner layer that secretes synovial fluid which nourishes and lubricates structures;

- articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces

Back 7

Synovial joints

Front 8

Ligaments: bands of connective tissue running from bone to bone (capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments)

- Articular disc (meniscus): pad of fibrocartilage that alters the shape of one of the joint surfaces e.g. knee;

- Bursa - synovial sac lying between skin, or muscle/tendons, and bone that prevents friction

Back 8

Surrounding structures of synovial joint

Front 9

Axes pf movement

Back 9

Uniaxial - one plane

- Biaxial - two planes

- Triaxial - three planes (rotation)

Front 10

Synovial joint types

Back 10

Plane, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, ball-and-socket

Front 11

Synovial joint movements

Back 11

Gliding: relatively flat bone move back and forth, side to side

- angular: increase/decrease in angle between articulating bones

- rotational: bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

- special: usually restricted to particular part of body

Front 12

Angular movements

Back 12

Flexion: any motion taking body out of anatomical position

Extension: going back into anatomical

Hyper-extension: going beyond anatomical (neck, hips)

circumduction: tracing a circle (not the same as rotation)

abduction: taken away (\o/)

adduction: adding back (/o\)

Front 13

Rotational movements

Back 13

Attlanto-axial joint: neck (shaking no)

- shoulder and hip joint: medial/lateral rotation

Front 14

Special movements

Back 14

Supination: palm up

- Pronation: palm down

- "Got a bowl of 'SUP', 'PRO' it on the ground"

- Opposition: Thumb touch pinky

- Eversion: point toes away from each other

- Inversion: point towards each other

- Dorsiflexion: walk on heels

- Plantar flexion: walk on toes

-Temporomandibular (jaw): Elevation (open mouth) and depression (closed mouth); protraction (stick jaw out) and retraction (suck jaw in)

Front 15

Set of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

- Rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis, and gouty

Back 15

Arthritis

Front 16

Autoimmune disorder that attacks joint structures

Back 16

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 17

Most common arthritis

- Wear of articular cartilage leads to bone-bone contact

Back 17

Osteoarthritis

Front 18

Uric acid crystals in joints

Back 18

Gouty arthritis

Front 19

occurs at the glenohumeral joint (between humerus and scapula)

Back 19

dislocation

Front 20

occurs at the acromioclavicular joint (between scapula and clavicle)

Back 20

Separation

Front 21

Lateral blow to locked knew tears: medial collateral ligament (CML), medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Back 21

Unhappy triad of knee