Articulations/joints, Muscles Anatomy/physiology

Front 1

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue:

Back 1

Non-striated,
no sarcomeres,
non-voluntary,
has some motor neurons,
good capacity for regeneration, has stretch/relaxation response (can stretch and relax at new length),
calcium present
No troponin

Front 2

Characterisitics of Cardiac muscle tissue:

Back 2

Striated
Has Sarcomeres
No regeneration
No motor neuron
Long refractory period
No tetanus possible
Can use lactic/fatty acids for energy
Calcium in Sarcoplasmic reticulum/interstitial fluid

Front 3

Characteristics of Skeletal muscle tissue:

Back 3

Striated
Sarcomeres
Some regeneration
Has motor neurons
Calcium comes from Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 4

Action potential

Back 4

Change in charge across membrane of cell.

Front 5

How many neurons responsible for muscle contraction?

Back 5

Two--one from brain to spinal cord, other from spinal cord to organ.

Front 6

Aponeurosis

Back 6

Flat, fibrous sheet of connective tissue similar to tendon but can connect muscle to bone or other tissues.

Front 7

Tendon sheath

Back 7

Layer of membrane around tendon.

Front 8

Entire muscle cell surrounded by connective tissue called:

Back 8

Epimysium

Front 9

Muscle fasicles

Back 9

bundles of muscle cells surrounded by perimysium

Front 10

Perimysium

Back 10

Connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasicles.

Front 11

One muscle cell also called___

Back 11

Muscle fiber

Front 12

Muscle would be considered ___ (tissue, organ, etc.)

Back 12

Organ (different tissues working together to perform function)

Front 13

Myofibrils

Back 13

Long cylinders that make up muscle fibers.

Front 14

Muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue called____

Back 14

Endomysium

Front 15

Every muscle fasicle is made up of___

Back 15

Muscle fibers (extend entire length of muscle)

Front 16

Sarcolemma

Back 16

Cell membrane of muscle cell

Front 17

Sarcoplasm

Back 17

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

Front 18

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 18

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell that stores calcium.

Front 19

T-tubules

Back 19

"invaginations", indentations in membrane of muscle cell (place where sarcoplasmic reticulum sits--releases calcium when charge gets near)

Front 20

What is myofibril made up of?

Back 20

Myofilaments

Front 21

What makes up myofilaments?

Back 21

Actin, myosin

Front 22

Two types of myofilaments:

Back 22

Thick (myosin--A band)

Thin (Actin--I band)

Front 23

Order of organization in muscle:

Back 23

Myofilament--> Myofibril --> Muscle fiber --> Muscle Fasicle --> Entire Muscle

Front 24

Sarcomere

Back 24

Unit of contraction in muscle cell

Front 25

Functions of myosin:

Back 25

"head" has ability to break down ATP
"Head" can pivot and bind to Actin

Front 26

Three types of proteins in thin myofilament:

Back 26

Action, Troponin, tropomysoin

Front 27

Actin

Back 27

Has binding site for myosin "head"

Binds to myosin to begin muscle contraction

Front 28

Troponin

Back 28

Attaches to tropomyosin, has binding site for calcium

Front 29

Tropomyosin

Back 29

Wrapped as spiral around actin and covers up binding sites.

Front 30

What happens to A band during contraction?

Back 30

Does not move

Front 31

What happens to I-band during contraction?

Back 31

Moves so that Z-lines move closer together, A bands "abut" each other.

Front 32

What causes relaxation of muscle

Back 32

Tropomyosin covering up binding sites

Front 33

Why is calcium normally low in concentration in sarcoplasm?

Back 33

Calcium pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 34

How is T-tubule involved in contraction?

Back 34

brings action potential near sarcoplasmic reticulum which has "voltage gated" protein channels that allow calcium to be released as they open up.

Front 35

How does troponin "pulls" tropomyosin off of binding site?

Back 35

Changes configuration when attached to calcium, this pull tropomyosin off.

Front 36

What allows myosin to "rachet?" What is this movement called?

Back 36

releasesADP & P allows it to swivel or tilt, causing rachet motion. Called the pwoer stroke.

Front 37

When does muscle contraction end?

Back 37

When calcium is no longer available

Front 38

Where does initial action potential come from?

Back 38

Motor neuron

Front 39

Neuromusclar junction

Back 39

Space between neuron and muscle cell (axon terminal, synaptic cleft, motor end plate)

Front 40

Sliding filament theory

Back 40

Explanation for how muscles shorten during contraction (thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. In order to slide past one another, the myosin heads will interact with the actin filaments and, using ATP, bend to pull past the actin.)

Front 41

Sliding filament theory (steps)

Back 41

Calcium released into sarcoplasm when action potential travels down T-tubules.

Calcium binds to troponin (requires ATP)

Troponin changes configuration when binding to calcium and slides tropomyosin off of actin binding sites.

Myosin binds to actin--release of ADP allows myosin heads to swivel, moving sarcomere until it is maximally shortened.

Front 42

Where in axon terminal is neurotransmitter stored?

Back 42

Inside vesicles

Front 43

What causes release of neurotransmitter in axon terminal?

Back 43

Calcium enters cell through protein channels, causing transmitter to be released by exocytosis.

Front 44

How does neurotransmitter move across synaptic cleft?

Back 44

Diffusion

Front 45

What does neurotransmitter bind to on other side of synaptic cleft?

Back 45

Receptors on motor end plate

Front 46

Choline esterase

Back 46

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Front 47

Motor unit

Back 47

a neuron and muscle fibers it innervates

Front 48

Which muscles have large motor units?

Back 48

Back muscles

Front 49

Which muscles have small motor units?

Back 49

Eye and finger muscles (large varying degrees of contraction/movement)

Front 50

Recruitment

Back 50

increasing number of active motor units (increases strength of contraction)

Front 51

All or none law

Back 51

There is no partial contraction of fibers--each muscle cell will contract to its maximum ability every time.

Front 52

Muscle tone

Back 52

Some motor units are active at any given time and some are not. (important so posture cells do not fatigue)

Front 53

Hypotonic/flaccid

Back 53

Decreased muscle tone/muscles are "limp."

Front 54

Hypertonic/spasticity

Back 54

Increases muscle tone/ Muscles are "rigid."

Front 55

Atrophy

Back 55

Loss of muscle myofibrils (caused by inactivity and denervation--muscle cells replaced by fibrous tissue)

Front 56

Hypertrophy

Back 56

Increased diameter due to increased muscle myofibrils (build up muscle protein)

Front 57

What requires ATP in muscle contraction?

Back 57

Myosin to detach from actin, power stroke, binding of actin/swiveling of myosin head, active transport of calcium, Na+/K+ pump to keep action potential going

Front 58

Anaerobic

Back 58

produces lactic acid and two ATP (fast glcolytic fibers)

*Sprinter would need this type of energy

Front 59

Aerobic

Back 59

Produces CO2, 38ATP, water & heat

Slow oxidative fibers (cross country runner or jogger would need this type of energy)

Front 60

myoglobin

Back 60

protein that binds oxygen and can hold O2 inside muscle cells

Front 61

How does neurotransmitter binding to receptors affect charge on motor end plate?

Back 61

binding causing protein channels to open up allowing sodium to rush into cell, which changes charge and start action potential.

Front 62

What is acetylcholine?

Back 62

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

Front 63

How is acetylcholine removed from synaptic cleft?

Back 63

broken down by enzyme

Front 64

Events at neuromuscular junction:

Back 64

Action potential travels down neuron
opening channels in membrane which allow calcium to enter
This causes release of neurotransmitter (Acetlycholine) out of vesicles in axon terminal by exocytosis
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
And then binds to receptor on motor end plate

Front 65

Synergists/antagonists of elbow flexion?

Back 65

Brachialis, Biceps Brachii/ Triceps brachii

Front 66

Prime mover of elbow extension?

Back 66

Triceps brachii

Front 67

Synergists/antagonists of elbow extension?

Back 67

Triceps Brachii (elbow extension)
Brachialis/Biceps Brachii (antagonists)

Front 68

Prime mover of shoulder adduction?

Back 68

Pecoralis major

Front 69

Synergists/antagonists of shoulder adduction?

Back 69

Latissimus dorsi, Pectoralis major, Triceps Brachii/ Deltoid muscle, Subscapularis

Front 70

Prime mover of shoulder abduction?

Back 70

Deltoid muscle

Front 71

Synergists/antagonists in shoulder abduction?

Back 71

Subscapularis, Biceps Brachii (Synergists)
Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis major, Triceps Brachii (antagonists)

Front 72

Prime mover in hip flexion?

Back 72

Iliopsoas muscle

Front 73

Synergists/anatgonists in hip flexion?

Back 73

Iliospoas, rectus femoris, Gracilis, Sartorius (Synergists)
Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (Antagonists)

Front 74

Prime mover in hip extension?

Back 74

Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings

Front 75

Synergists/antagonists in hip extension?

Back 75

Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

Front 76

Prime mover in knee flexion?

Back 76

Biceps femoris

Front 77

Synergists/Antagonists in knee flexion?

Back 77

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius/ vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Front 78

Prime mover in knee extension?

Back 78

Biceps femoris

Front 79

Synergists/antagonists in knee extension?

Back 79

Vastus medialis, intermedius, medialis/ Biceps femoris

Front 80

Prime mover in plantar flexion (ankle extension)?

Back 80

Gastrocnemius

Front 81

Synergists/antagonists in plantar flexion (ankle extension)?

Back 81

Soleus, Gastrocnemius (Synergists)

Tibialis anterior (Antagonists)

Front 82

Prime mover in dorsi flexion (ankle flexion)?

Back 82

Tibialis anterior

Front 83

Facial muscles insert into:

Back 83

Skin

Front 84

Facial muscles are innervated by?

Back 84

Nerve VII (7)

Front 85

Bells palsy

Back 85

Sudden paralysis of facial nerves on one side

Front 86

Would muscle would cause extension of neck?

Back 86

Contraction of Trapezius muscle

Front 87

What three movements is pectoralis major responsible for?

Back 87

Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder.

Front 88

Latissimus dorsi does what three movements to shoulder?

Back 88

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates

Front 89

Latissimus dorsi and Pectoralis major are synergists in what movements?

Back 89

Adduction of shoulder, medial rotation of shoulder

Front 90

What movements make latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major antagonists?

Back 90

Flexion (pectoralis), extension (latissimus)

Front 91

Muscles that make up rotator cuff:

Back 91

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres minor

Front 92

Which muscle of rotator cuff abducts shoulder?

Back 92

Supraspinatus

Front 93

Major function of deltoid muscle is:

Back 93

Abduction

Front 94

Major function of Biceps brachii is:

Back 94

Elbow flexion

Front 95

Brachialias muscle

Back 95

Flexes elbow

Front 96

Is triceps brachii a synergist or antagonist of the brachialis muscle? Why?

Back 96

Triceps brachii extends elbow--brachialis flexes elbow, so they are antagonists because of opposite movement.

Front 97

Abdominal muscles:

Back 97

Rectus abdominis, external olblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

Front 98

Which muscle helps flex the spinal column?

Back 98

Rectus abdominis

Front 99

Which muscles help compress abdomen?

Back 99

All four abdominal muscles

Front 100

Which muscles make up iliopsoas? What movement do they cause?

Back 100

Iliacus and psoas muscles--work together to flex hip.

Front 101

Parts of quadriceps muscle:

Back 101

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Front 102

What does "Triceps" mean? Quadriceps?

Back 102

three & four "heads."

Front 103

Which of quadriceps muscles causes hip flexion? knee extension?

Back 103

Rectus femoris/ Vastus intermedius-lateralis

Front 104

Which nerve innervates quadriceps muscles?

Back 104

Femoral nerve

Front 105

Which of thigh muscles causes movement at both hip and knee?

Back 105

Gracilis & sartorius

Front 106

Iliotibial tract

Back 106

Stabilizes knee in extension and partial flexion

Front 107

Which thigh muscle only spans one joint?

Back 107

Tensor fasciae latae

Front 108

Difference between gluteus maximus and medius:

Back 108

Maximus laterally rotates hip, medius abducts hip

Front 109

Which one (of gluteus medius and maximus) is primary extender?

Back 109

Gluteus maximus

Front 110

Muscles of hamstrings?

Back 110

Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, biceps femoris

Front 111

What two movements do hamstrings cause?

Back 111

Flexion of knee and extension of hip.

Front 112

Which of hamstring muscles is located on side of hip?

Back 112

Semitendinosus

Front 113

Gastrocnemius ___ the knee and _____ ankle.

Back 113

flexes/plantar flexes

Front 114

Muscles of triceps surae:
(both of these muscles form what?)

Back 114

Soleus, gastrocemius/ forms achilles tendon that inserts in calcaneal bone.

Front 115

Tibialis anterior causes what movement?

Back 115

Flexes ankle (dorsi flexion)

Front 116

Prime mover

Back 116

Major muscle that produces desired action.

Front 117

Antagonist

Back 117

Action opposite of prime mover

Front 118

Synergist

Back 118

Assists prime mover

Front 119

Fixator

Back 119

Stabilizes point of origin of prime mover

Front 120

Why would cadaver develop muscle contraction?

Back 120

Because of myoson still attaching to actin (using ATP but not having enough to detach, so gets "Stuck" in contraction phase)

Front 121

Which way does the Na+/K+ pump Na+?

Back 121

Outside the cell

Front 122

What are all possible energy sources in anaerobic contraction?

Back 122

Phospocreatine, Lactic acid, glucose

Front 123

How do muscle cells get oxygen?

Back 123

Myoglobin

Front 124

Primary energy source for aerobic contraction?

Back 124

Glucose--blood flow needs to be increased to muscles to produce more oxygen so that more ATP can be produced.

Front 125

What happens if muscle does not get enough ATP or oxygen?

Back 125

Fatigue results from low oxygen, low ATP, increased lactic acid.

Front 126

What do we do after fatigued?

Back 126

Pant!

Front 127

Oxygen debt

Back 127

Not enough oxygen can be taken in or pumped to meet body's needs.

Front 128

What will muscle cell do during recovery?

Back 128

replinish oxygen (build up myoglobin stores)
Get rid of lactic acid build up, replinesh glycogen, make new phosphocreatine

Front 129

What is muscle twitch?

Back 129

One motor unit's response to one action potential.

Front 130

What is a myogram? Three parts?

Back 130

Graph of a twith (tensions v. Time)

Latent period/contraction period/ relaxation period

Front 131

Refractory period

Back 131

Period where nerve is unable to respond to another stimulus after having been previously stimulated.

Front 132

Summation

Back 132

If muscle is stimulated right after refractory period but before it has completely relaxed, the second contraction is greater than the first.

Front 133

Why is second contaction greater than first in summation if muscle cell always contracts to maximum ability (all or none law)?

Back 133

Because it contracts maximally with whatever amount of calcium available.

Front 134

Tetanus

Back 134

Sustained muscle contraction with no relaxation.

Front 135

Treppe

Back 135

If the same stimulus is used, muscle will contract more forcefully after it has contracted several times.

Front 136

What factor leads to better contraction?

Back 136

Higher temperature

Front 137

Similarities between summation, treppe, tetanus?

Back 137

All due to increased calcium availability.

Front 138

Differences between treppe, summation, tetanus?

Back 138

Muscle not completely relaxed in summation, muscle not relaxed at all in tetanus, muscle completely relaxes in treppe.

Front 139

Isotonic contraction--example?

Back 139

Constant tension, muscle shortens

Ex. Picking up table

Front 140

Isometric contraction--example?

Back 140

Tension increases, but muscle does not shorten.

Ex. Attempting to push or pull something vert heavy but not actually being able to move it. Force increases, but object is not actually moved, so muscle does not shorten.

Front 141

How are skeletal and cardiac muscle similar?

Back 141

They both have alot of mitochondria for energy (ATP production)

They both have sarcomeres (they are striated)

Front 142

Why is longer contraction and refraction important in cardiac muscle?

Back 142

Allows for steady heart beat, heart is completely relaxed before contaction again (no tetanus possible). Cardiac muscle also has no motor units, beats on its own.

Front 143

Why is it important that cardiac muscle can use lactic acid for energy?

Back 143

Lots of lactic acid is produced during exercise /activities and although muscles cells might be fatigued, heart can still use sources available for energy to keep heart pumping.

Front 144

What is cardiac muscle's capacity for regeneration and does it undergo mitosis?

Back 144

Does not undergo mitosis, very poor.

Front 145

How is smooth muscle unique and similar to skeletal muscle?

Back 145

It has no striations and better capacity for regeneration, and involuntary unlike skeletal, but has motor units similar to skeletal.

Front 146

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres? What about its contraction time?

Back 146

No, non-striated/longer contraction time, begins slower.

Front 147

Does smooth muscle have myosin and actin?

Back 147

Yes, but no troponin