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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concrete Operational Thought
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Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about the direct experiences and perceptions
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Classification
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The logical principle that things can be organized into groups for categories or classes
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Reaction Time
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The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively
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Selective Attention
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The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
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Sensory Memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (also called the sensory register)
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Working Memory
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The component of the information processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. (formally called short-term memory)
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Long-Term Memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
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Knowledge Base
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A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
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Control Processes
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Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (also called executive processes)
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Metacognition
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"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
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Pragmatics
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The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
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Immersion
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A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning
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Bilingual Schooling
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A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language
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ESL (English as a Second Language)
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An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers
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Hidden Curriculum
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The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school
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Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
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An international assessment of the math and science skills of forth- and eight graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform
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Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
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Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of of fourth-graders
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No Child Left Behind Act
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A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement
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National Assessment of Educational Progress
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An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "The Nation's Report Card"
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Charter School
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A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located
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Private School
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A school funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specifics of curriculum, although some regulations apply
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Parochial School
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Non-public schools organized by a religious group, often Roman Catholic but sometimes Jewish, Muslim, and so on. The curriculum, discipline, and many instructors in parochial schools reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support
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Voucher
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A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them and what schools accept them. Typically, the voucher goes to whatever school the child attends
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Home Schooling
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Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents, instead of attending any school, public or private
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Aptitude
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The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test
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A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100 -- hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ
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Achievement Test
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A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject
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Multiple Intelligence
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The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one
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Comorbid
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Refers to the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person
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Multifinality
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A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations
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Equifinality
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A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes
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Industrial vs Inferiority
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The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
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Latency
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Freud's term for middle children during which children's emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet (latent). Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting fourth again at puberty
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Social Comparison
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The tendency to assess ones abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers
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Resilience
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The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
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Family Structure
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The legal and generic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on
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Family Function
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The way a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help the develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability
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Nuclear Family
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A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under the age 18
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Single-Parent Family
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A family that consist of only one parent and his or her biological children under the age 18
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Extended Family
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A family of three or more generations living in one household
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Polygamous Family
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A family consisting of one man, several wives, and their children
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Aggressive-Rejected
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Rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior
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Withdrawn-Rejected
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Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior
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Bullying
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Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
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Bully-Victim
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Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well. (also called pro-vocative victims because they do things that elicit bullying
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Preconventional Moral Reasoning
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Kohlbergs first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments
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Conventional Moral Reasoning
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Kohlbergs second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules
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Postconvential Moral Reasoning
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Kohlbergs third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principals
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Spermarche
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Boys first ejaculate of sperm. Erections occur as early as infancy. May be from wet dream or direct stimulation
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Hormone
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An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function
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Pituitary
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A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands
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Adrenal Gland
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Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones (including the "stress hormones" epinephrine [adrenaline] and norepinephrine
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HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis
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A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the adrenal glands
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HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis
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A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the gonads
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Estradiol
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A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more than males do
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Testosterone
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A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (MALE HORMONE) secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females
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Circadian rhythm
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A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means about a day)
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Leptin
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A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12
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Growth Spurt
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The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule : Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso
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Primary sex characteristics
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The part of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
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Secondary sex characteristics
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Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breast
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Body Image
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A person's idea of how his or her body looks
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Anorexia Nervosa
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An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal
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Bulimia nervosa
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An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives
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Adolescent Egocentrism
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A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
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Personal Fable
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An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's
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Invincibility fable
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And adolescent egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal such as unprotected sex drug abuse or high-speed driving
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Imaginary audience
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The other people who in an adolescence egocentric belief are watching and taking note of his or her appearance ideas and behavior. This belief makes me teenagers very self-conscious
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Formal operational thought
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In Piagets theory the fourth and final stage of cognitive development characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
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Hypothetical thought
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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
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Deductive reasoning
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Reasoning from a general statement premise or principal through logical steps to figure out specifics
(also called top-down reasoning) |
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Inductive reasoning
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Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion
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Dual process model
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The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli
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Analytic thought
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Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risk and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic fault depends on logic and rationality
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Secondary education
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Literally, the period after primary education and before college usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation
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Middle school
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A school for children in grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.
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Entity approach to intelligence
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An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth. Those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement
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Incremental approach to intelligence
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An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort. Those who believe in this approach believe that through trying anything can be achieved if they pay attention
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Cyber bullying
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Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of technology
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High-stakes test
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And a valuation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test decides whether somebody will graduate or be promoted it is a high-stakes test
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Identity versus role confusion
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Ericksons term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?". But is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
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Identity achievement
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Ericksons term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
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Role confusion
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A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what he is or her identity is
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Foreclosure
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Ericksons term for premature identity formation, which occurs when adolescents adopts his or her parents or societys roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis
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Moratorium
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And adolescents choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example
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Bickering
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Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated an ongoing.
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Parental monitoring
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Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing where and with whom
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Peer pressure
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Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries and behavior, dress, and attitude
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Clique
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A group of adolescent made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
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Crowd
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A large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends
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Deviancy training
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Destructive Pearce support in which one person Scholes another how to rebel against authority or social norms
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Sexual orientation
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A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.
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Familism
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The belief that the family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces
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Clinical depression
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Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
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Rumination
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Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
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Suicidal ideation
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Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones
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Parasuicide
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Any potentially legal action against the cell that does not result in death(attempting suicide or failed suicide)
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Cluster suicide
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Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period
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Life course persistent offender
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A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal
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Adolescent limited offender
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A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
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