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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Science of body structures and the relationships among them |
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Physiology |
Science of how the body functions - how the body parts work |
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What are the six levels of structural organisation? |
Level 1: chemical; level 2: cellular; level 3: tissue; level 4: organ; level 5: system; level 6: organism |
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What are the eleven systems of the human body? |
1. Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands; protects body and regulates temperature 2. Skeletal: bones, joints, cartilage Aids body movement, stores minerals and lipids 3. Muscular: muscles and tendons Body movement, heat 4. Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs - eyes, ears Action potentials, detects, interprets and responds to internal/external changes in body 5. Endocrine: hormone glands Regulates body activities 6. Cardiovascular: blood, heart, vessels Pumps blood, carries oxygen and nutrients to organs, and waste away 7. Lymphatic: lymphatic build and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, Immune response cells Return protein and fluid to blood, carries lipids to blood, contains B and T immune cells 8. Respiratory: lungs and air passageway - larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchial tubes Transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood, vocal cords produce sound 9 Digestive: gastrointestinal tract organs Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminate solid waste 10. Urinary: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Produces, stores and eliminate urine, maintain mineral balance, helps regulate red blood cell production 11. Reproduction: gonads and associated organs Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; release hormones |
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What are the 6 basic life processes? |
1. Metabolism - catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (build up) 2. Responsiveness - detect and respond to stimulus 3. Movement - eg. Walking, blood flow 4. Growth - either by increase in cell size, increase in number of cells, increase in amount of material surrounding cells 5. Differentiation - unspecialised cells become specialised 6. Reproduction - the formation of new cells or production of new individual |
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What is Homeostasis? |
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment |
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What systems maintain homeostasis? |
Nervous system and Endocrine system |
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What are the body fluids? |
Body fluids are diluted, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals found inside cells Intracellular fluid: inside cell bodies Extracellular fluid: outside cell body Interstitual fluid: extracellular fluid that fills narrow space between cells |
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Give examples of extracellular fluid |
Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid |
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Explain the Feedback system |
Cycle of events monitors, evaluates and responds to changes to body's controlled conditions. Involved: receptor, control centre, effector. Negative feedback reverses original stimulus. Positive feedback intensifies original feedback. |
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Explain disorder and disease and differentiate signs from symptoms |
Disorder: abnormality of structure or function Disease: illness Signs: observable anatomical and or physiological changes eg. Rash, swelling Symptoms: unobservable subjective changes experienced by patient eg. Headache, pain |
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What is anatomical position, supine position and prone position? |
Anatomical position: Body erect, forward facing, head level, eyes forward, feet flatand forward, arms at the sides with palms forward Prone position: lying face down Supine position: lying face up |
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What are the major regions of the human body? |
Head, skull, face, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs |
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13 Directional Terms |
Superior (cephalic or cranial) - upper Inferior (caudal) - lower Anterior (ventral) - closer to front Posterior (dorsal) - closer to back Medial - nearer to midline Lateral - away from midline Intermediate - between 2 structures Ipsilateral - on the same side Contralateral - on the opposite side Proximal - nearer to the origination of structure (nearer to attachment of limb to trunk) Distal - further from limb to trunk Superficial (external) -towards surface Deep (internal) - away from surface |
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Planes and sections |
Sagittal plane = vertical divides right and left side of body Midsaggital plane = middle of body or organ divide in equal parts Parasaggital plane = unequal Frontal (coronal) plane = divides body/organ into posterior and anterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane = divides superior and inferior portions Oblique plane = paces through at an oblique angle (not a 90° angle) |
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The 9 body cavities |
Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity - includes pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum cavity Pleural cavity - houses lungs Pericardial cavity - houses heart Mediastinum cavity - central, sternum to vertebral, first rib to diaphragm, contains heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea, large blood vessels Diaphragm seperates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Abdominopelvic cavity - divided into abdominal and pelvic Abdominal cavity - contains spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine Pelvic cavity - contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and reproduction organs |
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Wha is the serous membranes |
A thin epithelium that lines the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and covers the viscera (organs). Secretes lubricating fluid between spaces which reduces friction. 2 parts of the serous membrane: 1. Parietal layer - lines the walls 2. Visceral layer - covers organs Serous membrane names and what they cover: Lung cavity - pleura, visceral pleura Chest wall - parietal pleura Heart cavity - pericardium, visceral pericardium |
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What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? |
Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region |
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What are the abdominal quadrants? |
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
