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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the study of Comn begin? |
Ancient Greece, Aristotle 300 BC |
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When did the academic study of communication begin? |
1960's |
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Who was the Grandmother of Interpersonal Comn? |
Edna Rodgers |
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What is the National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking called today? |
National Communication Association |
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What are the three models of communication |
Linear, Interactive and Transactional |
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What is the most current model of Communication |
Transactional |
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Communication is bi-dimensional; what are the two dimensions |
Content and Relational |
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What are the axioms of Communication |
-comn is context bound -comn involves ethical choices -comn can be unintentional -no one form of comn is a panacea -comn is irreversible -comn skills are learned |
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What does the Quanitative Perspective of Comn explain |
# of people involved
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What does the Qualitative Perspective of Comn explain |
unique qualities of the other person are highlighted |
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Martin Buber's Model |
I-it I-you I-thou |
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What type of comn created interpersonal comn according to Buber
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I-thou |
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What is Hardwig's equivalent to i-thou |
person qua person |
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what are first order realities? |
the physically observable
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what are second order realities? |
attaching meaning to the physically observable |
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What are the steps in the Perception Process (in order) |
selection, organization, interpretation, negotiation |
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Types of Schema (4) |
Physical, interactive, internal, role |
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What are scripts? |
guides to actions; there are scripts for all types of events |
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What is the Self Serving bias? and what step in perception does it fall under? |
the tendency to judge one's self in the most generous terms while being more critical of others; interpretation |
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? |
changing the way you explain things based on who you are talking to/about |
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What is the halo effect? |
judging some one in a positive way based on one positive quality about them |
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What is the horn effect? |
judging some one in a negative way based on one negative quality about them |
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What is perception checking? |
a three part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations including restating what happen; offering two possible interpretations and a request for confirmation |
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What is the pillow method? |
a four step process used when people have different perspecitves |
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What are the four steps in the pillow method? |
1. I'm right, you're wrong 2. I'm wrong, you're right 3. we're both wrong 4. the issue doesn't matter |
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What are the influence on perception? |
physiological, psychological, cultural values, worldviews |
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What is the difference between high and low power distance |
- Low power distance = equality - High power distance= values individuality |
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What is the difference between masculine and feminine orientation |
- masculine = achievement oriented (materialistic) -feminine= nurturing relationship development |
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What are phonetics? |
the way we produce sounds |
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What are syntactics? |
how words are made into sentences, structure and punctuation |
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What are semantics? |
the meaning for the words |
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What are morphemes and what are the two types? |
the units of meaning -free morphemes: can exist by themselves -bound morphemes: cannot exist by themselves |
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what is the definition for pragmatics? |
how the words are used |
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What is impression management |
reflects how we want others to see us |
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what is altercasting? |
how we use language to construct other people's identities
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What are the 5 functions of nonverbal communication |
repeat, accent, contradict, compliment and regulate |
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What is the most immediate channel of nonverbal communication? |
facial expressions |
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What are chronemics? |
the study of time and space used to convey emotions |
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What communication scholar is known for studying chronemics? |
Edward Hall |
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What is the difference between polychronic and monochronic? |
polychronic= looser interpretation of time and relationships are prioritized over schedules
monochronic= highly structured and schedule oriented |
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what is paralanguage? |
the use of voice to communication nonverbally
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what are the 5 factors of paralanguage? |
rate, pitch, volume, pauses, inflection |
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what are kinesics? |
the use of body movements to communicate using gestures and posture |
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what are haptics? |
the use of touch to communication |
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what is body endowment? |
attributes of one's body such as face symmetry |
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what is the baby face generalization |
the people with a baby face are innocent and weak; causes high deliquency in men |
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What are some examples of body modification? |
working out, tattoos, piercings, etc. |
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what is body adornment and what are some examples? |
changes in everyday appearance such as make up and clothing |
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what is self concept? |
the relatively stable set of perceptions for one's self; hard to change |
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what is self esteem? |
judgements we make about ourselves |
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what is the presenting self? |
the self we share with others; also known as public image and identity |
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what is perceived self? |
the person we believe we are in moments of being open; may be different than the presenting self |
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what is reflected appraisal? |
the way we thing and feel about ourselves based on the way we feel others are perceiving us |
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what is the looking glass self? |
the people form their self concept based on looking at other people |
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What is the difference between the Pygmalion and the Golem effect? |
-Pygmalion= you think something positive will happen so you unconsciously make it happen -Golem= you place lower expectations on yourself and therefore have poorer performance |
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self fulfilling prophecy |
a prediction that effects one's performance due to either positive or negative feedback |
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reference groups |
people to compare one's self to |
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What is the difference between mindless and mindful listening |
mindful listening involves attention and thoughtful responses while mindless involves automatic responses and little to no attention |
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What should you not do when offering support? |
do not offer support if you will not follow through |
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What is pseudo-listening |
fake listening |
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what is insulated listening |
avoiding topics |
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what is ambush listening |
carefully listening, but only to use it against someone in the future |
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what is the process of receiving and reacting to emotions? |
-trigger event - we make appraisals -physiological responses - reaction |
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what are framing rules? |
how society believes we should react |
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what is the fallacy of approval |
the belief that everyone should like you |
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what is the fallacy of should |
the belief that you should do everything that everyone asks of you |
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what is the fallacy of overgeneralization |
the belief that everything is a huge disaster |
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what is the fallacy of helplessness |
you have no control over your life |
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what is the fallacy of causation |
other people have control over your life |
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what is the fallacy of catastrophic expectations |
murphy's law; everything that can go wrong will go wrong |
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what is communication climate? |
the social tone of a relationship |
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what are the three aspects of confirming messages? |
-Recognition - Acknowledgement - Endorsement |
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what is recognition |
being aware of someone's physical presence
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what is acknowledgment |
lets the other person know you are aware of them in particular |
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what is endorsement |
relating to someone's story or experience |
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What are impervious messages |
absence of recognition |
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what are tengential messages |
quick to respond, but quickly change the topic |
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what are incongruous messages |
nonverbals contradict the verbals |
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How do you carefully offer criticism to someone? |
-focus on a specific event -engage in perspective checking - criticize the action, not the person - describe before you evaluate -emphasize your perceptions -encourage collaborative problem solving
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according to Prather and Prather, what can interpersonal conflict do to a relationship? |
it can cause the relationship to grow and the people to become closer |
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what are some key ideas of conflict? |
-conflict is natural -conflict is culture bound -conflict can be managed well or poorly
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What are some destructive conflict styles? |
-Cross complaining -counter proposals -metacommunication |
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What does Prather & Prather believe to be destructive conflict styles? |
1. bringing up the topic the other person is mad at 2. be as personal as possible when addressing the problem 3. concentrate on getting what you want 4. instead of listening, think of what to say next 5. correct the other person 6. mentioning things from the past 7. end with a disastrous comment |
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what is grace? |
granting forgiveness or doing something in the other person's best interest when you don't have to |
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Much of the literature of relationships are ____ and ____ |
outdated; Eurocentric
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What are the 5 stages of forming a romantic relationship based on Knapp and Vangelisti's model? |
1. initiating 2. experiment 3. intensify 4. integrating 5. bonding |
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what is initiating? |
beginning to relate with someone on a romantic level |
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what are the two aspects of the similarity principle and what do they mean? |
-matching hypothesis: people initiate relationships with people of similar attractiveness to them -mere exposure effect: people frequently cross paths |
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what is the complementary principle? |
opposites attract when the complete eachother |
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During the experimental stage, what is phatic communication? |
small talk |
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what is the goal of phatic communication? |
to see if yo have anything in common
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what happens during the intensifying stage? |
-butterflies, happiness -communicatively testing the other person to see if they are on the same level of commitment as you
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what happens during the integrating stage |
claim relational identity |
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what happens during the bonding stage? |
use communication to display the relationship |
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what is social exchange theory? |
explains social change and negotiation between parties; helps you understand other people's relationships |
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what is social penetration theory? |
breadth and depth form a relationship |
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what is the difference between comparison level and comparison level of alternates? |
comparison level: people look at their past and create pros and cons
comparison level of alternates: hypothetical future, shapes pros and cons |
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what are the 5 stages of coming apart in a relationship? |
1. differentiating 2. circumscribing 3. stagnating 4. avoiding 5. terminating |
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what does is mean to differentiate a relationship? |
re-establish individual identity rather than the couple as one |
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what does it mean to circumscribe? |
a decrease in quality and quantity of the communication in a relationship
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what is stagnating? |
a lack of growth, relationship falls flat
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what are the two aspects of avoidance
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physical and symbolical |
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during the termination stage of a relationship, what is grave dressing? |
burry the relationship, it is over |
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what is post relational communication like for an ex couple? |
less friendly, more aquaintance like |
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what aspect do family relationships generally focus on? |
qualitative aspect |
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what is a dual parent family |
traditional family, opposite sex with children |
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what is a single parent family |
one parent is absent due to death, divorce, etc. |
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what is a blended family? |
step-parents blending of the two families OR adopted families, usually international or open adoptions |
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what is a dual earner family? |
both parents work because they have to |
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dual career family |
both parents work because they want to, no financial need |
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what is the difference between child-free and child-less |
child free= voluntary, couple chooses not to have children
child-less= couple cannot have children, inability |
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what is a commuter family? |
one parent lives away from the home for an extended period of time for other than relational reasons.
ex: job, prison, etc.
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What is a discourse- dependent family? |
families that people don't see as real, so the family spends much of their time explaining the dynamic |
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who is the Grandmother of family communication? |
Fitzpatrick |
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what is voluntary kin? |
people who are not related by blood but are referred to as family |
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what is a narrative? |
story telling; can be written, oral, etc.
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what is the difference between a ritual and a tradition? |
ritual: happens on a regular basis
tradition: has more of a history base in the family, usually rooted in the cultural background of the family |
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what is socialization in the family? |
teaching children or new family members the values of the family |
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is intimacy displayed the same way in every family? |
No, it can vary.
ex: saying "i love you" or giving a gift |
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what do rules do? |
create a family identity |
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what is role enactment? |
what it is like to be a child, mother, father, etc. |
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according to Fitzpatrick, what are the three types of families? |
1. traditional 2. independents 3. separates
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what are the aspects that make up a traditional family? |
-conventional -resistant to change - sex types roles - high interdependence - engage in conflict - express emotion |
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what are the aspects that make up and independent family? |
-unconventional -reject sex typed roles - don't stick to routine -share and respect autonomy - engage in conflict |
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what are the aspects that make up a separates family? |
- like routine - high autonomy & differentiated space - avoid conflict - reject sec typed roles - express few emotions |
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what are the characteristics that define a friendship? |
- voluntary - involve a person qua person element - often tied to culture (many culture are reluctant to make friends quickly) - often tied to gender |
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What are the steps to developing friendships according to Rawlins? |
1. role limited interactions 2. friendly relations 3. moving toward friendship 4. nascent friendships 5. stabilized friendships 6. waning friendships |
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where do most friendships being? |
when we are playing other roles
ex: work, school |
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what happens during friendly relations? |
small talk (phatic)
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what is moving toward friendship equivalent to in forming romantic relationships |
intensifying |
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what happens during nascent friendship stage? |
integrating; others see you as friends |
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what are some causes of a waning friendship? |
- scarce resources - personal change - not adjusting to changing proxemics - not coordinating communication styles - wanting more than friendship |
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what are the different types of cross sex relationships? |
- mutual romance - strictly plutonic - desires romance - rejects romance |
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what happens when a cross sex relationship desires romance? |
one person wants romance but doesn't want to pursue it |
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what happens when a cross sex relationship rejects romance? |
one doesn't want a romance but believes the other person does |
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what is the Sapir-Whorf theory? |
language affects our perception |
