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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle
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1st to study comm. in as an academic study. Born in 384 BCE.
Began studying it because he wanted to know how to participate in democracy. |
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Rhetoric
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3 modes of persuasion: Ethos - speaker's character revealed through communication , pathos - Evoking a feeling/expressing emotion , logos - (think), actual words used by the speaker
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National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking--wanted to reclaim their position as scholars
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1914
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Midwest School
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1914--Those who studied rhetoric or speech effects which was viewed as science.
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Cornell School
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1920 - viewed study of communication as art
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National Association of Teacher of Speech
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1923
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What years did "Communication" become the buzzword
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Early-Mid 1900s
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Speech association of America
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1946
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Pragmatics of Human Communication: Who is the author and what year published?
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1967-Watzlawick, Beavin Bouelas, and Jackson
argued that we cannot not communicate due to nonverbal comm. also that in multi-channeled nature, language is the channel |
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New Foci of communication of mid 1900s
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Small Group
Organizational Intercultural |
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Speech Communication Association
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1970
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Interpersonal Communication:
Roger's Ph.D. was the first dissertation on interpersonal communication. What was she coined? |
1972 - The grandmother of interpersonal communication.
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National Communication Association
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1997
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Progression of Topics of Study
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-Rhetoric
-Speech effects -Small Group/organizational /intercultural -Interpersonal |
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What school of thought do we align?
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Midwestern
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Paradigmatic Orientations
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Post-positive paradigm- Most commonly used Asserts that there are laws in nature that can be discovered through our senses or through logic.
Interpretive paradigm - Interviews create rich, detailed info to look for themesAsserts that humans cannot be studied using physical science models. predictions cannot be made. Critical Paradigm - Newest, least common paradigm, power, struggles, and how they relate to interpersonal communication. people can perceive reality outside them and represent that reality with language. Focuses on oppression. |
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Communication
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continuous, complex, collaborative process of meaning making.
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Communications
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The channel or medium messages are delivered.
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Models of Communication
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Linear (transmission)
Interactive - 2 way practice Transactional - Most modern and complex--shared meaning. |
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Axioms
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Communication involves patterns
'' is bi-dimensional (Context & Relational dimension) " is context-bound " involves ethical choices " is unrepeatable - no one form of interaction is a panacea (cure-all) - messages are irreversible - effective communicating is learned |
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Maslow (year)
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1968
Basic needs: -physical -safety -belonging -self-esteem -self-actualization |
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Schutz (year)
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1966
-Inclusion -Affection -Control |
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What is interpersonal communication?:
Quantitative Qualitative |
quantitative: any interaction btwn 2 people
qualitative: when we treat ppl as unique individuals regardless of context in which the interaction occurs, or the number of individuals involved. |
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Interpersonal Communication takes place when...
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we communicate with others based on them being people - not w/ interchangeable parts.
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Who highlights the "personal" part?
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Stuart
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Bueber's Language
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I-it - dialogue with a person that involves their specific, isolated qualities. (detachment)
I-you - mutual, holistic experience of two beings. I-thou - engage with another person in dialogue involving their whole being. Not with specific, unique qualities. (mutuality) |
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Parks (2009) says interpersonal comm is important because:
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It improves immune systems, and reduces risk of heart disease.
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Areas of perception:
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Selection
Organization Interpretation Negotiation |
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What attracts our selection?
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Intense stimuli
repetitive stimuli changing stimuli stimuli that match our experiences |
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Prototypes
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ideal representation of something
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personal constructs
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yardsticks to measure people (continuum) Includes:
-physical -role -interaction -psychological |
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stereotypes
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even positive sounding ones can be victimizing
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scripts are:
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guides to action
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Interpretation (how we make sense of particular experiences) attributions include:
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Locus - cause/impetus (internal or external)
Stability (stable or unstable) Specificity (specific - to you, or global-to many people) |
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Influences on perception: physiological factor
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Age
senses health fatigue hunger biological cycles neurobehavioral challenges |
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Influences on perception: psychological factors:
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mood
self-concept |
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Influences on perception: Cultural and social
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Individualistic/Collective Worldview
Low/High Context Worldview - low =more abrasive, direct Low/High Power Distance Worldview - low = equality and high = non equality. Low/High Uncertainty Avoidance - low - tolerate change and high = avoid change Masculine/Feminine Orientation Social Class Race Ethnicity Religion |
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Influences on perception: Miscellaneous factors:
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-Cognitive complexity
-Roles |
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ways of improving on perception:
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Avoid the self-serving bias -
A self-serving bias is when a person describes their own behaviour and tend to choose attributions that are favourable to themselves. This means that people like to take credit for their good actions and let the situation account for their bad actions. Avoid the fundamental attribution error - A fundamental attribution error is when people try to find reasons for someon's behaviour, they tend to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors. Stay aware of the halo and horn effects - halo = pos. 1st impressions yield pos. subsequent impressions. Horn = negative impressions yield subsequent neg. impressions. Understand the limits of perception = Laws of placement: every individual is placed in ourworld and our placement allows us to "see" certain things and disallows us to see other things. "Surplus of seeing" means outside our vision Reject mind-reading on two levels Perception check 1) restate what just happened 2)ask for 2 realistic explan |
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phonetics
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Unit of sound
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Sapir Whorf
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your language determines your culture
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Semantics
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meaning of language
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morpheme
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unit of meaning
free - unit that can exist in and of itself bound - must be connected to a free morpheme (prefix or suffix) |
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Language is:
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symbolic
rule-governed tied to perception biased tied to speech communities a tool that creates our realities |
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Who said this: "the limits of my language mean the limits of my world"
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
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Emotive language
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language that conveys a bias - more than just descriptive
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Linguistic relativism
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worldview of a culture is shaped by the language they speak.
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Syntactics
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sentence structure
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pragmatics
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how context contributes to the meaning of a language. (Ex. you have a green light can mean various things given diff. contexts).
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Speech communities
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different ways which communities speak.
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hedges
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kinda, sorta
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similarities of nonverbal to verbal
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symbolic
rule governed often culture bound |
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Chronemics
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Edward Hall coined monochronic and polychronic
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paralanguage
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rate pitch inflection, etc.
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haptics
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use of touch to communicate
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chromatics
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color
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body endowment
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things you can't change
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body modification
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changeable factors - hair color, style, tatoos, piercings
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body adornment
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regularly change (clothing, makeup)
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