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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Urbanization.
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The process by which more people live and work in a city.
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Compare the percentage of population living in urban areas among developing and developed nations.
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The developed nations tend to have higher urbanization percentages than the developing countries.
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Compare urban population differences among developing and developed nations.
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There are twice as many urban dwellers in developing nations as compared to developed countries.
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Explain the migratory patterns in developing nations.
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Migration to the cities is caused by uneven development.
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The origin of a city is tied to...
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-Early agricultural development
-Permanent village settlements -Emergence of new social forms -Urban life |
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What are some rivers associated with urban hearths?
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-Nile River
-Indus River -Yellow River |
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Clearing of tropical forests outside of Mexico City is tied to...
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The oil industry
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What are some problems facing megacities?
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-Transportation problems
-Housing problems -Employment problems -Ecological problems |
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What is the name for illegal settlements?
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Squatter settlements
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What are some characteristics of slums?
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-Little to no access to public services, like water or electricity
-Collection of crude shacks -Vegetable gardens -Bootlegged water and electricity -Become permanent parts of city |
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What percentage of population in Addis Ababa live in slums?
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U.N. estimates 85% of residents live in slums.
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Describe Central Business District (CBD).
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A dense cluster of offices and shops.
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Define Social culture region.
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A residential area characterized by socioeconomic traits.
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What is a concentric-zone model?
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-Model developed in 1925 by sociologist Ernes Burgess.
-5 radiating rings of zones that describe urban land use. |
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What are the 5 zones of the concentric-zone model, starting from the center?
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1. CBD
2. Transition - mixture of residential and industrial land use (ghettos, slums) 3. Blue-collar residential - working class (ethnic immigrants) 4. Middle-income residential - middle class 5. Commuter residential - the "burbs" |
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What is a sector model?
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-Model developed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt
-High rent residential districts shaped land-use structure of city -Reinforced by transportation routes -Wealthy prefer to build on out, vacant land |
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What is a multiple-nuclei model?
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-Developed in 1945 by geographers Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman
-City develops around multiple points -activities cluster and repel each other -Locate where rent is affordable to business |
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What are centralizing forces?
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Diffusion forces that result in residences, stores and factories locating in the central city.
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What is decentralization and decentralizing forces?
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-Process of suburbanization and decline of inner city links
-Emptied a lot of downtowns of economic vitality. |
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Define agglomeration.
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Part of economic centralization; mutual benefits for businesses
ie: retail stores locate near each other because of foot traffic |
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What are some changes that have happened to western cities in the past 50 years?
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Introduction of the suburbs has caused decentralization,which has emptied many downtowns of economic vitality.
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What are capital investments in central cities linked to?
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The Suburbs
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What are some socioeconomic factors contributing to suburbanization?
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-Patrons are now shopping in the burbs.
-Rising rent due to demand of space -Congestion -Lateral Commuting; may not work in the city |
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What is the Federal Road Act of 1916 and the Interstate highway Act of 1956?
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-Both directed government spending on transportation to cater to automobiles and trucks.
-Urban expressways and truck industry led to decentralization |
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What is the United States Housing Act?
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-Provided public housing for those who couldn't afford private housing.
-Mostly built in the inner city -This contributed to the view that the suburbs were refuge of the white middle-class |
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What are some problems that are associated with sprawl?
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-The automobile is the only form of transportation (more enery, air pollution, congestion)
-Loss of agricultural land -Water pollution |
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Define gentrification.
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The movement of middle class people into deteriorated areas of the city center.
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What is a heat island?
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A mass of warmer air sitting over a city; city activities physically heat up the area
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What are some features of the New Urban Landscape?
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-shopping malls
-office parks -master-planned communities -festival settings -decline of public space |
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Define culture.
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Shared patterns of learned behavior.
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What does geography study?
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The spatial patterns and processes of the natural environment and human activities.
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What are the types of geography?
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-Physical: Examines Earth elements which are natural in origin.
-Cultural: Looks at elements of human endeavor. |
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Define globalization. Are all regional contrasts lost?
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The gradual reduction of regional contrasts at the world scale; yes, all regional contrasts are lost.
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What is cultural landscape?
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The human imprint on the Earth; built environment
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Material vs. nonmaterial culture
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-Material: buildings, food, clothing, artwork
-Nonmaterial: beliefs, values, myths, symbolic meanings |
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What is placelessness?
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Spatial standardization diminishing regional variety; potential to destroy a place's uniqueness
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What is the current world's population?
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6.7 billion
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What is the most populous country?
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China at 1,300 billion people
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What is TFR and what is the TFR of the U.S.?
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-Total Fertility Rate: the average numbers of children born per year
-3.0 or lower |
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What is demographic transition?
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The comparative difference between births and deaths of an area per year.
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What are population pyramids?
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Graphs that compare the number of females and males in a population in different age groups.
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Who was Thomas Malthus and what did he predict?
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Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798; believed that the world would over-populate itself into famine, war and disease
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What is dialect?
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the variant forms of a language
ie: pop vs. soda |
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What is slang?
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Words and phrases understood by some or most users of a given language.
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What is relocation diffusion and how did colonists aid in it?
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When a small group come to an area and bring their culture and language with them; prime example is when colonists would come to new land and bring their ideals and language
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What is Lingua franca?
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A well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue.
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What is a major challenge in Japan's population?
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More and more younger Japanese generations are moving away, leaving many older generations to populate Japan; once they depart, there will be a drastic decline in the country's population
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Race vs. Ethnicity
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Race: genetic differences from other groups of people
Ethnicity: cultural differences from other groups of people |
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What is the original and current definition of a ghetto?
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-Original: Neighborhood where Jews were forced to live
-Current: A section of a city where minority groups live because of social or economic pressure |
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What is the final stage of the Rostow Model?
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Society enters a stage of high mass consumption.
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What was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?
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England
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What was an example of transnational corporations?
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General Motors or Ford
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What is the correlation between industrialization and urbanized population?
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The more industrialized an area gets, the higher the urbanized population gets.
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What percentage of megacities are located in developing countries?
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Over 50% of the world's megacities.
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Define lateral commuting.
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Instead of people commuting from the residential areas to the commercial areas for work, they are working within their residential area.
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What is the climate like in cities?
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-Temperatures are higher
-Rainfall increases -Fog and cloudiness increases -Levels of atmospheric pollution are higher |
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What are the causes of involuntary migration?
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-Government policy (Jap-American internment camps)
-Warfare (Sudan) -Ethnic cleansing (concentration camps) -Disease (plague) -Natural disaster (Katrina) -Enslavement (African slave trades) |
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What is return migration?
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Voluntary movements of a group back to its ancestral homeland or native country
ie: African-Americans moving back to the south |
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What is environmental racism?
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There's a high likelihood that racialized minority groups, who also tend to be the poorest, will have the last/worst choice of where to live.
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What is an ethnic flag?
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A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape
ie: Unique maize granary of the Tlaxcala state, Mexico |
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Centripetal vs. Centrifugal force
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-Centripetal: A force that promotes national unity and solidarity
ie: attack on 9/11 brought our country together in a way that hasn’t happened in a long time -Centrifugal: A force that disrupts internal order and unity ie: Rwanda genocide caused Tutsi refugees to flee the country |
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what is a supranational organization?
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A group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest
ie: European Union (EU) |
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What is the difference between universal religions and ethnic religions?
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-Universal: actively seeks few members and aims to convert all humankind; ie. Christianity
-Ethnic: identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and does not seeks converts; ie. Judaism |
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How are universal and ethnic religions' calendars different?
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-Universal: holidays based on life events of the founder
-Ethnic: holidays based on the changing seasons |
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What is animism?
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The belief that inanimate objects possess souls
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What are orthodox religious traditions like?
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They emphasize purity of faith and are generally not open to blending with other belief systems.
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What is the current fastest growing religion?
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Islam
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What is a pilgrimage?
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A journey to a sacred place
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How did Holy Communion affect grape growing?
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With the spread of Christianity throughout the world, the need for grapes did too; grape growing spread out beyond the Mediterranean
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Define agriculture.
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The cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain nourishment or economic gain.
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How does the percentage of work force involved in agriculture differ among the LDCs and MDCs?
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The higher percentage of work force needed to maintain a location's agriculture, the lower the technological level of the location.
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How does agriculture vary around the world?
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-Physical environment
-Technology -Culture |
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Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture
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-Subsistence: production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
-Commercial: production of food for profit |
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What are the agricultural types associated with high-income economy countries?
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-Market Gardening
-Livestock Fattening -Grain Farming -Dairying -Livestock Ranching |
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What is a suitcase farm?
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A farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews
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What are the traits of agribusiness and what are some examples of multinational powers involved?
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-Farming system totally commercial; large-scale and mechanized; dependent on chemical, hybrid seeds and genetic engineering
-The five biggest hybrid vegetable seed suppliers control 75% of global market; the ten largest agrochemical manufacturers command 85% of world supply |
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What was the big picture idea of the "King Corn" film?
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Who is it that our agricultural systems are actually benefiting the most?
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What are biofuels and what are the differences between using corn and sugar cane?
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-Energy derived from biological matter
-Some estimate that corn, U.S.'s main source of ethanol, takes as much energy to make as it puts out; Sugar cane, Brazil's main source, puts out 8X as much as being put in |
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What is an ethnic neighborhood?
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A voluntary community where people of like origin reside
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