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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Edocrine system act with and do? |
The endocrine system acts with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis & integrate the activity of body cells. |
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What does the endocrine system influence & how? |
The endocrine system influence metabolic activities by producing hormones transported in the blood. |
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What type of responses does the endocrine system produces? |
The responses of the endocrine system occur more slowly but last longer than the nervous system. |
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What are the 5 main endocrine glands? |
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, & pineal. |
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What are Endocrine glands? |
Endocrine glands are glands that don't secrete their product through a tube or duct but into the bloodstream. |
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What are Exocrine glands? |
Exocrine glands are glands that do secrete their product through ducts or tubes. |
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What is duel roles? |
Some organs that produce both hormones, & exocrine products. (Organs produce both through endocrine and exocrine glands) |
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What are 3 examples of duel roles? |
Adrenal gland, Pancreas, & Gonads |
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What are some other tissues and organs that produce hormones? |
Adipose cells, Thymus, Cells in the wall of the Small Intestine, Stomach, Kidneys, & Heart. |
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What is the master gland? |
Pituitary gland |
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What does the Anterior pituitary gland do? (General) |
Anterior Pituitary produces & secretes |
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What does the Posterior pituitary gland do? (General) |
Posterior Pituitary gland stores & secretes. |
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Where is the Hypothalamus? |
The Hypothalamus fits in Turks Saddle. |
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What does the Parathyroid gland do? (General) |
The Parathyroid gland piggy backs on thyroid. |
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What does the Thymus produce? (General) |
The Thymus only produces T cells, apart of immune cells. |
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What are hormones? |
Hormones are long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph. |
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What are Autocrines? |
Autocrines are chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them. |
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What are Paracrines? |
Paracrines are locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them. |
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What are the 2 main classes of hormones? |
Amino Paris-based hormones, & Steriods. |
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What are Amino-acid based hormones? |
Amines, Thyroxine, Peptides, and Proteins. |
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What are steriods? |
Steriods are synthesized from cholesterol, also are Gonadal & adrenocortical hormones. |
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What are the 5 hormone actions on target cells? |
1) Alters the plasma membrane permeability of membrane potential by opening & closing ion channels. 2) stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory cells 3) Activate or deactivates enzyme systems. 4) Induce secretory activity 5) Stimulate mitosis |
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What are the 2 mechanisms? (Depends on their chemical nature) |
1) Water soluble hormones 2) Lipid soluble hormones |
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What are water soluble hormones? |
Water soluble hormones are amino acid based hormones except the thyroid hormone. |
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What do water soluble hormones do? |
Water soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors and coupled by G proteins to intracellular second messages that mediates the target cells response because the hormone cant enter the target cell. |
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What are lipid soluble hormones? |
Steroid & thyroid hormones |
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What do lipid soluble hormones do? |
Lipid soluble hormones act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes. |
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What are the 5 steps of intracellular receptors & gene activation? ( Steriod hormones & thyroid hormone) |
1) Diffuses into their target cells & bind with intracellular receptors. 2) The Receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus. 3) The Receptor hormone complex binds to a specific region of DNA. 4) Then prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA. 5) Then mRNA directs protein synthesis. |
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Where is ACTH receptors found? |
ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells to the adrenal cortex. |
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Where is Thyroxin receptors found? |
Thyroxin receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body. |
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What must target cells have in order for hormones to bind? |
Specific receptors |
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What are the 3 factors target cell activation depend on? |
1) Blood levels of the hormones 2) Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell. 3) Affinity of binding between receptor & hormone. |
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What are thyroid hormone and steroids attached to when circulated in the blood? |
Plasma proteins |
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What does the concentration of hormones reflect? |
1) Rate of release. 2) Speed of in activation & removal from the body. |
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How are hormones removed by the body? |
1) Degrading enzymes 2) Kidneys 3) Liver 4) Half life |
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What is Half life? |
Half life is the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half. |
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What is permissiveness? |
Permissiveness is when 1 hormone can't exert its effects without another hormone being present |
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What is synergism? |
Synergism is when more than 1 hormone produces the same effects on a target cell |
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What is Antagonism? |
Antagonism is when 1 or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone. |
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What are blood of hormones? |
Blood levels of hormones are controlled by negative feedback systems. |
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What are hormones synthesized & released in response to? |
1) Humoral stimuli 2) Neural stimuli 3) Hormonal stimuli |
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What does changing blood levels of ions & nutrients do? |
Changing blood levels of ions & nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones. |
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What is PTH? |
Parathyroid hormone |
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What cause the Parathyroid to secrete? |
The declining blood of Ca2 concentration. |
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What does PTH cause? |
PTH causes Ca2 concentrations to rise & the stimulus is removed. |
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What stimulates hormone release? |
Nerve Fibers |
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What do sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate to secrete ____? |
Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines. |
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What do hypothalamic hormones stimulate? |
Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones. |
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What is Hypothalamic pituitary target endocrine organ feedback loop? |
Hypothalamic pituitary target endocrine organ feedback loop is when hormones from the final target organs inhibit the release of the anterior pituitary hormone. |
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What system modifies the stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanism? |
The nervous system |
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What are the 2 major lobes of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)? |
1) Posterior pituitary 2) Anterior pituitary |
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What does the posterior pituitary consist of? |
Pituicytes (glial-like supporting cells) & nerve fibers. |
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What does the Anterior pituitary gland consist of? |
Glandular tissues |
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What is the Posterior lobe? |
A down growth of Hypothalamic neural tissue. |
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What does the nuclei of the Hypothalamus synthesize? |
The nuclei of the Hypothalamus synthesize the neural hormones oxytocin & antibiotic hormone. |
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What ADH mean? |
Anti diuretic hormone |
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Where are neuro hormones transported to? |
The Posterior pituitary |
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What is the hypophyseal portal system? |
Primary capillary plexus, Hypophyseal portal veins, Secondary capillary plexus |
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What causes the regulation of hormone secretions of the anterior pituitary? |
Carriers releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary. |
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What are the anterior pituitary hormones? |
1)Growth hormones (GH), 2)Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 3)Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 4) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 5) Lutenizing hormone (LH), 6) Prolactin (PRL) |
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What does GH activate? |
GH activate cyclic AMP second messenger systems at their targets |
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What hormones are tropic hormones? |
TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH |
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What is tropic hormones? |
Tropic hormones regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands. |
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What are anterior pituitary hormones? |
Proteins except GH |
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What is GH produced by? |
Samatotrophs |
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What do GH do? |
GH stimulates most cells, but target targets bone and skeletal muscles, also promotes protein synthesis, & encourages use of fats for fuel. |
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What are the effects mediated indirectly of the GH? |
Insulin like growth factors (IGF) |
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What is the release of GH regulated by? |
1) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) 2) Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone(GHIH) |
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What's the direct action of GH? |
1) Stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, & cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors. 2) Mobilizes fast, elevates blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake & encouraging glycogen breakdown (anti- insulin effect of GH) |
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What happens when there a Hypersecretion of GH? |
In children results in gigantism In adults results in acromegaly |
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What happens when hyposecretion of GH occurs? |
In children results in pituitary dwarfism |
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What is the Thyroid stimulating Hormone produce by? |
Thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary. |
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What does the Thyroid stimulating hormone do? |
The Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the normal development & secretory activity of the thyroid. |
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What is the regulation of TSH release? |
Inhibited by blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on the pituitary & hypothalamus. |
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What are 3 hormones produced by the cortex? |
1) Gonadocorticoid example: androgens 2) Glucocorticoid example: Cortisol 3) Mineralcorticoid example: aldosterone |
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How is hormone secreted? (General) |
Hypothalamus->releasing TRH to-> Anterior pituitary-> releasing TSH to-> Thyroid gland-> releasing thyroid hormones to-> target cells |
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What is negative feedback? |
Negative feedback is when it inhibits or stops hormones from being produced. |
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What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by? |
Corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary |
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What does adrenocorticotroic hormone do? |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods. |
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What is the adrenal cortex? |
Adrenal cortex is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. |
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What are the regulations of ACTH release? |
The regulation of ACTH release is triggered by Hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone CRH in a daily rhythm. |
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What is CRH? |
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone |
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What are the 2 Gonadotropins? |
FSH, and LH |
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What does FSH do? |
Stimulate gamete (egg or sperm) production. |
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What does LH do? |
Promotes production of gonadal hormones. |
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What is the regulation of Gonadotropin release? |
Regulation of Gonadotropin release is triggered by the gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH during & after puberty. Also is suppressed by gonadal hormones (feedback). |
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What's GnRH? |
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone |
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What is Prolactin PRL secreted by? |
Lactotrophs of anterior pituitary. |
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What does Prolactin PRL do? |
Stimulates milk production. |
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What is the regulation of Prolactin PRL release? |
The regulation of Prolactin PRL release is its primary controlled by Prolactin Inhibiting Hormones like blood levels rise toward the end of pregnancy & suckling stimulates PRH release & promotes continued milk production. |
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What is PIH? |
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone. |
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What does the Posterior pituitary contain? |
Axons of hypothalamic neurons. |
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What does the Posterior pituitary store? |
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH & Oxytocin. |
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What is ADH & oxytocin released to? |
Nerve impulses |
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What does oxytocin do? |
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth by mobilizing Ca2 through a second messenger system, also triggers milk ejection, & plays a role in sexual arousal (orgasm in male & female). |
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What does oxytocin probably work with? |
Prolactin |
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What kind of feedback is oxytocin? |
Positive |
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What responds to changes in the solute concentration of the blood? |
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
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What happens if solute concentration is high? (Dehydration) |
Osmoreceptors transmit impulses to Hypothalamic neurons & ADH is synthesized and released inhibiting urine formation. |
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What is solute? |
Not water, (salts, minerals, nutrients) |
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What is solvent? |
Water |
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What happens if solute concentration is low? |
ADH is not released, allowing water loss (urinating). |
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What inhibits ADH release? |
Alcohol & causes copious urine output. |
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What is an ADH deficiency? |
Diabetes insipidus |
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What is diabetes insipidus? |
A huge output of urine & constantly thirsty bc of an ADH imbalance. |
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What is ADH hypersecretion? |
After neurosurgery trauma, or secreted by cancer cells syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion occurs. |
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What is SIADH? |
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH. |
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What is the thyroid gland consist of? |
Two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called isthmus. |
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What is the thyroid gland composed of? |
Follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin |
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What is colloid? |
Thyroglobulin + iodine |
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What do colloids do? |
Fills the lumen of the follicles & is the precursor of thyroid hormone. |
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What hormone does parafollicular cells produce? |
Calcotonin |
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What can the thyroid gland produce? |
Thyroid hormone production |
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What are 2 related compounds to the Thyroid hormone TH |
T4 & T3 |
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What is T4? |
T4 is called Thyroxine & has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms. |
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What is T3? |
T3 is called triiodothyronine & has 2 tyrosines+ 3 bound iodine atoms. |
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What is Thyroid hormone TH? |
TH is a major metabolic hormone that increases metabolic rate & heat production (calorigenic effect). |
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What roles does TH play in? |
Maintenance of blood levels, regulation of tissue growth, development of skeletal & nervous systems, & reproductive capabilities. |
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What is the NFR (Negative Feedback Regulation) of TH release? |
Rising TH levels provide NFI (Negative Feedback Inhibition) on release of TSH. |
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What can Hypothalamic thyrotropin- releasing hormone TRH do? |
TRH can overcome the NF during pregnancy or exposure to cold |
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What is Myxedema? |
Myxedema is hyposecretion of TH in adults that cause an endemic goiter if person is lacking iodine. |
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What is Cretinism? |
Cretinism is hyposecretion of TH in infants. |
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What is Graves disease? |
Graves disease is hypersecretion of TH |
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What is antagonist of calcotonin? |
Parathyroid hormone PTH |
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What does calcitonin do? |
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts activity & release of Ca2 from bone matrix. |
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How many tiny glands are in the Parathyroid gland? |
4 to 8 embedded tiny glands. |
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What does the Parathyroid glands contain? |
Oxyphil & Chief cells. |
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What does oxyphil do? |
Functions are unknown. |
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What doe Chief cells do? |
Chief cells secrete PTH or Parathormone. |
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What is the most important hormone in Ca2 homeostasis? |
PTH |
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What is the functions of the Parathyroid glands? |
Parathyroid glands stimulates to digest bone matrix, Enhances reabsorption of Ca2 & secretion of phosphate by the kidney, Promotes activation of vitamin D, & increases absorption of Ca2 by intestinal mucosa. |
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What is the NFC Negative Feedback Control of the Parathyroid gland? |
The NFC happens when rising Ca2 in the bloodbinhibits PTH release. |
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What does Hyperparathyeoidism cause because of a tumor? |
Hyperparathyroidism cause the bones to soften & deform, also elevated Ca2 depresses the nervous system & contributes to formation of kidney stones because of a tumor. |
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What is the result when hypoparathyroidism causes trauma or causes the gland to be removed? |
Results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, & death. |
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What is tetany? |
When muscles contract & not being able to relax or release. |
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What is the Adrenal suprarenal glands? |
A paired pyramid shaped organs atop of the kidneys. (2 glands in 1 structurally & functionally) |
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What is the Adrenal medulla? |
Adrenal medulla is nervous tissue that is part of the nervous system. |
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What is the Adrenal cortex? |
Adrenal cortex has 3 layers of glandular tissue that synthesize & secretes corticosteroids. |
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What are the 3 layers in the adrenal cortex and what do they produce? |
1) Zona glomerulus-mineralcorticoids 2) Zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids 3) Zona reticularis- sex hormones or gonadocorticoids. |
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What does Zona mean? |
Layers. |
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What does mineralcorticoids do? |
Mineralcorticoids regulate electrolytes (primarily Na+ & K+) ECF. |
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What is the importance of Na+? |
The importance is that it affects ECF volume, blood volume, blood pressure, & levels of other ions. |
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What is the importance of K+? |
The importance is that it sets RMP of cells. |
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What's the most potent mineralcorticoid? |
Aldosterone |
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What does Aldosterone do? |
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption & water retention by the kidneys. |
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What is the Renin-angiotension mechanism? |
The Renin-angiotensin mechanism is when decreased blood pressure stimulates kidneys to release renin, & triggers formation of angiotensin 2. |
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What is angiotensin 2? |
A potent stimulator of aldosterone release. |
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What is the plasma concentration of k+? |
It is when increased K+ directly influences the Zona glomerulosa cells to release aldosterone. |
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What does ACTH cause? |
ACTH causes small increases of aldosterone during stress. |
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What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do & why? |
ANP blocks renin & aldosterone secretion, to decrease blood pressure. |
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What is Aldosteronism? |
Aldosteronism is hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors. |
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What causes Hypertension & edema? |
Excessive Na+ |
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What does Glucocorticoids do? |
Glucocorticoids keep blood sugar levels relatively constant, & maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors. |
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What is the most significant Glucocorticoid? |
Cortisol |
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What is cortisol to be released in response of & why? |
Cortisol is released in response to ACTH because of patterns of eating, activity, & stress. |
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What is the prime metabolic effect of cortisol? |
Gluconeogenesis |
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What is gluconeogenesis? |
The formation of glucose from fats & proteins when carbs aren't available. |
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What does cortisol promote? |
Rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, & amino acids. |
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What causes Cushings syndrome? |
Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids. |
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What happens during Cushings syndrome? |
Cartilage, bone formation, immune system depresses, also it inhibits inflammation, & promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, & gastrointestinal functions. |
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What is Addison's disease? |
The Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids |
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What happens in Addison's disease? |
Weight loss, severe dehydration, & hypotension, also it decreases in glucose & Na+ levels. |
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What is Gonadocortocoids? |
Sex hormones that are androgens(male sex hormones) that are converted to testosterone in tissue cells or estrogens in females. |
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What does the Adrenal medulla consist of? |
Chromaffin cells |
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What does Chromaffin cells secrete? |
Epinephrine(80%) & norepinephrine(20%) |
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What does epinephrine & norepinephrine cause? |
Fight or flight mechanism, the blood glucose levels to rise, also the blood vessels to constrict, & the heart to beat faster or slower. |
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What does epinephrine do? |
Epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, & blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart. |
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What does norepinephrine do? |
Norepinephrine influences peripheral vasoconstriction & blood pressure. |
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What is the Pineal gland? |
A small gland hanging from the roof of the 3rd ventricle. |
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What doe Pinealocytes secrete & derived from what? |
Melatonin & serotonin. |
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What may Melatonin effect? |
Timing & maturation & puberty, day/night cycles, & physiological processes that show rhythmic variations. |
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What is the pancreas? |
A triangular gland behind the stomach containing both endocrine glands & exocrine glands. |
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What are Acinar cells & what do they produce? |
Exocrine glands & produce an enzyme rich juice for digestion. |
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What is pancreatic islets? |
They are called Islets of langerhans that contain endocrine cells, & there is alpha & beta. |
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What do Alpha cells produce? |
Alpha cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) |
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What doe Beta cells produce? |
Beta cells produces insulin (hypoglycemic hormone) |
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What does pancreas control? |
Sugar levels |
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What is the major target for Glucagon? |
Liver |
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What does Glucagon promote? |
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, & the release of glucose to the blood. |
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What is Glycogenolysis? |
It breaks down glycogen to glucose. |
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What is Gluconeogenesis? |
The synthesis of glucose from lactic acid & noncarbohydrates(proteins & fats). |
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What is the effects of insulin? |
It lowers blood glucose levels, enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat & muscle cells, also participates in neuronal development & learning & memory, & inhibits glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis. |
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What does insulin activate? |
A tyrosine kinase enzyme receptor. |
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What causes Diabetes Mellitus DM? |
Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin |
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What are the 3 signs of DM? |
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
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What is Polyuria? |
Huge urine output |
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What is Polydipsia? |
Excessive thirst |
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What is Polyphagia? |
Excessive hunger & food consumption |
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What is Hyperinsulinism & what is the results? |
Excessive insulin secretion & results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, & unconsciousness. |
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What does the placenta secrete? |
Estrogens, Progesterone, & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) |
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What does the Gonads produce? |
Steroid sex hormone |
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What do ovaries produce? |
Estrogens & progesterone |
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What do the testes produce? |
Testosterone |
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What gland is in the heart? |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ANP |
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What does ANP do? |
It reduces blood pressure, blood volume, & blood Na+ concentration. |
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What does Gastrin do? |
Gastrin stimulates the release of HCI |
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What does secretin do? |
It stimulates liver & pancreas |
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What does Cholecystokinin do? |
It stimulates the pancreas, gallbladder, & hepatopancreatic sphincter |
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What hormones do the kidneys produce? |
Erythropoietin, & Renin |
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What is Erythropoietin do? |
It signals production of red blood cells. |
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What does Renin do? |
It initiates the Renin-anglotensin mechanism |
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What does the skin produce? |
Cholecalciferol |
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What is Cholecalciferol? |
The precursor of vitamin D |
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What does adipose tissue produce? |
Leptin |
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What does leptin do? |
It is involved in appetite control & stimulates increased energy expediture. |
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What is produced by skeleton osteoblasts? |
Osteocalcin |
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What does osteocalcin do? |
It prods pancreatic beta cells to divide & secrete more insulin, improving glucose handling & reducing body fat |
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What does the Thymus produce? |
Thymulin, Thymopoietins, & Thymosins |
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What is Thymulin, Thymopoietins, & thymosins involved in? |
They are involved in the normal of the development of the T lymphocytes in the immune response. |
