Human Anatomy Chapter 3 (By: Martini, Simmons)

Front 1

germinative cells

Back 1

stem cells that help in the division of epithelial cells

Front 2

mesothelium

Back 2

squamous epithelium that lines ventral body cavities
ex. pericardium, peritoneum

Front 3

endothelium

Back 3

simple squamous cells lining the heart and blood vessels

Front 4

where is keratin found? why?

Back 4

on apical surfaces of epithelium exposed to dehydration and mechanical stress. tough and water resistant.

Front 5

pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
what is it? where is it found/

Back 5

line respiratory tract. a mixture of epithelial cell types that are single layered.(lines nasal cavity , trachea, bronchi) protection and secretion

Front 6

transitional epithelia

Back 6

line renal pelivis, ureters, urinary bladder.
stratified and can stretch.

Front 7

diff between exocrine and endocrine

Back 7

exo-release at apical surface into duct
endo- ductless glands that release direct into interstitial fluids

Front 8

three types of exocrine glands

Back 8

serous-watery solution, with some enzymes (saliva)
mucous-glycoproteins (mucins)
mixed-a mix!

Front 9

endo or exocrine glands release hormones?

Back 9

endo

Front 10

two types of unicellular exocrine glands

Back 10

mucous(respiratory tract) and goblet(intestines)

Front 11

three modes of glandular secretion and how it is done

Back 11

merocrine-secretory vesicles(exocytosis)
apocrine-loss of cytoplasm and product
holocrine-destroys gland cell.

Front 12

three components of connective tissue

Back 12

specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
ground substance

Front 13

matrix of the connective tissue is composed of what?

Back 13

extracellular fibers and ground substance

Front 14

three connective tissue classifications

Back 14

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, supporting connective tissues

Front 15

describe connective tissue proper

Back 15

many cell types, syrupy ground substance for support
aka. adipose fat, ligaments, tendons
cell types: fixed cell, wandering cell

Front 16

describe fluid connective tissue

Back 16

cells suspended in watery matrix w/ dissolved proteins
aka. blood and lymph

Front 17

describe supporting connective tissue

Back 17

closely packed matrix, contains calcium
aka. bone and cartilage

Front 18

what type of fixed cells are there?

Back 18

mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, ~melanocytes

Front 19

describe mesenchymal cells(function)

Back 19

stem cells that differentiate in response to injury or infection ---> form macrophages etc

Front 20

fibroblasts ( connective tissue proper)

Back 20

always present, produce connec. tissue fibers, secrete HYALURONAN which makes ground substance viscous

Front 21

fibrocytes ( connect. tissue proper)

Back 21

come from fibroblasts, maintain tissue fibers

Front 22

fixed macrophages ( connec. tissue proper)

Back 22

engulf damaged cells, can release chemicals, not highly abundant

Front 23

adipocytes (connect. tissue proper)

Back 23

contains lipid droplet

Front 24

melanocytes (connect. tissue proper)

Back 24

synthesize, store melanin

Front 25

free macrophages (wandering cells)

Back 25

phagocytic, frontline defence
"monocytes" are macrophages in blood

Front 26

mast cells (wandering cells)

Back 26

cytoplasm contains HISTAMINE and HEPARIN stimulate inflamation

Front 27

lymphocytes (wandering cells)

Back 27

increase in # when there is tissue damage.
can transform into plasmocytes( make antibodies)

Front 28

neutrophils & eosinophils(wandering cells)

Back 28

phagocytic blood cells(smaller than macrophage)
are attracted to the chemicals released by macrophages

Front 29

three fibers found in connective tissue

Back 29

collagen, reticular, elastic
(all made by fibroblasts!)

Front 30

collagen fiber traits

Back 30

long, straight, strongest
three protein subunits
found in tendons and ligaments

Front 31

tendon

Back 31

connects muscle to bone
(made primarily of collagen fibers)

Front 32

ligament

Back 32

connects bone to bone

Front 33

reticular fiber traits

Back 33

thinner, form a network, can resist forces, keep organs in place

Front 34

elastic fiber traits

Back 34

contain ELASTIN. self explanatory.

Front 35

mesenchyme

Back 35

found in embryo. gives rise to all other connective tissue.
mucous connective tissue~ Whartons jelly
not found in adult

Front 36

threee types of loose connective tissue

Back 36

areolar tissue, adipose, reticular

Front 37

areolar tissue

Back 37

very fluid and resilient
extensive circulatory supply

Front 38

what two types of dense connective tissue are there?

Back 38

dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue

Front 39

aponeuroses

Back 39

collagenous sheets, dense regular connect. tissue

Front 40

what are erythrocytes and leukocytes?

Back 40

red and white blood cells

Front 41

name 5 white blood cells

Back 41

eosinophils, neutorphils(phagocytes), monocytes, basophils(promote inflammation), lymphocytes

Front 42

chondroitin sulfates?

Back 42

found in matrix of cartilage, complex polysaccharides
if combined with proteins, they make proteoglycans

Front 43

chondrocytes?

Back 43

cartilage cells found in chambers called LACUNAE

Front 44

perichondrium

Back 44

fibrous dense irregular connective tissue and cellular layer surrounding cartilage

Front 45

how does cartilage grow?

Back 45

appositional growth: stem cells of cellular layer
interstitial growth: when chondrocytes undergo division

Front 46

three types of cartilage

Back 46

hyaline-weakest, tough, flexible (ribs, respiratory tract, synovial joints)
elastic-flexible (ear)
fibrous-little ground substance, absorbs shock (spine)

Front 47

what is bone structure?

Back 47

matrix contains lacunae where osteocytes can be found,
communication between cells and vessels through CANALICULI, bone is also surrounded by PERIOSTEUM

Front 48

four types of membranes?

Back 48

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

Front 49

lamina propria

Back 49

the areolar tissue of a mucous membrane

Front 50

serous membrane

Back 50

lines the ventral body cavity subdivisions
mesothelium--> pericardium, peritoneum, pleura

Front 51

transudate

Back 51

fluid formed on surface of serous membrane

Front 52

three main functions of connective tissue

Back 52

provide strength & stability
maintain organ positions
provide routes for vessels, lymphatics, nerves

Front 53

fascia

Back 53

connective tissue that can be seen during dissection

Front 54

synovial membrane

Back 54

line joints, develops within connective tissue, no basal lamina, contains phagocytic and secretory cells
HELPS THE JOINT

Front 55

three types of fascia

Back 55

superficial (subcutaneous)-separates skin and tissue, loose connective tissue
deep-dense connective tissue, tough capsules,
subserous-loose conn. tissue, separates deep and superficial fascia

Front 56

sarcoplasm

Back 56

the cyptoplasm of a muscle cell

Front 57

three types of muscle tissue

Back 57

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 58

skeletal muscle fibers are unique regarding nucleus, why?

Back 58

multinucleate

Front 59

myosatellite cells

Back 59

divide to form new muscle fibers

Front 60

cardiac muscle cells connect at regions called?

Back 60

intercalated discs

Front 61

what is in charge of cardiac muscle contraction

Back 61

pacemaker cell

Front 62

nerve tissue has what two types of cells

Back 62

neurons(nerve cells)
neuroglia(supporting cells)(provide nutrients, support, regulate interstitial)

Front 63

ectoderm forms

Back 63

epidermis(hair nails skin glands), lines mouth, nasal, anus; nervous system, parts of skull and endocrine

Front 64

mesoderm forms

Back 64

dermis, lines cavities, muscular & skeletal & cardio & lymph systems; kidneys, gonads, connective tissue

Front 65

endoderm

Back 65

digestive, respiratory, parts of repro/urine and endocrine systems.

Front 66

what four types of dense regular connective tissue ?

Back 66

tendons, ligaments, elastic tissue, aponeuroses

Front 67

what type of wandering cells are there?

Back 67

mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophage, plasmocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils