Sccc-Human Anatomy Final Exam (Part 1 Of 3)

Front 1

Cells contain smaller structures called _____ that carry out their metabolic functions.

Back 1

Organelles

Front 2

Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ____ ____ loops.

Back 2

negative feedback

Front 3

All animals in the subphylum _____, including humans, have a jointed spinal column and a cranium.

Back 3

vertebrae

Front 4

Organisms whose cells have true nuclei, including humans are called ______.

Back 4

eukaryotes

Front 5

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions.

Back 5

homeostasis

Front 6

All chemical change in the body is collectively called _____.

Back 6

metabolism

Front 7

The study of structures that can be observed without magnification is called ______ _______.

Back 7

gross anatomy

Front 8

In a dynamic physiological equilibrium, conditions fluctuate slightly around an average value called the ______.

Back 8

set point

Front 9

_____ ____ is a process in which a physiological change triggers further change in the same direction.

Back 9

positive feedback

Front 10

____ ____ is a force of nature that affects the evolution of the structural and functional characteristics of a species.

Back 10

selection pressure

Front 11

An ____ is composed of two or more tissues, working to perform a specific function.

Back 11

organ

Front 12

A statement or set of statements that summarize our present understanding of a phenomenon is a _____.

Back 12

theory

Front 13

A ____ is any structure specialized to detect a stimulus.

Back 13

receptor

Front 14

_____ is the grade of structure between cells and organs.

Back 14

tissue

Front 15

A verbal or mathematical statement that decribes a predictable natural phenomenon is called a _____.

Back 15

law

Front 16

The ___ ___ is a characteristic of most primates not seen in other mammals.

Back 16

opposable thumbs

Front 17

A ___ is any chemical composed of two or more atoms bonded together, whether the atoms are of the same or different elements.

Back 17

molecule

Front 18

The amount of energy is a chemical that can do useful work is called its ___ ___.

Back 18

free energy

Front 19

The process of receiving or giving up electrons and acquiring a charge is called ___.

Back 19

ionization

Front 20

Any chemical that speeds up a reaction, but is not consumed by it is called a ____.

Back 20

catalyst

Front 21

Protective compounds such as selenium and a-tocopherol that neutralize free radicals are called ___.

Back 21

antioxidants

Front 22

Whenever two or more substances are physically combined, but do not chemically react with each other, they form a ____.

Back 22

mixture

Front 23

Compounds that ionize in water and produce a solution that will conduct electricity are called ___.

Back 23

electolytes

Front 24

Two molecules that have the same atoms arranged in different ways are called ___ of each other.

Back 24

isomers

Front 25

The second law of thermodynamics says that some energy goes to waste in every chemical reaction, because it escapes in the form of ____.

Back 25

heat

Front 26

A positively charged ion is called a ____.

Back 26

cation

Front 27

A ___ ___ is a highly reactive, uncharged particle with an unpaired valence electron.

Back 27

free radical

Front 28

The chemical symbol of potassium is ___.

Back 28

K

Front 29

A ___ is a mixture that is cloudy because its particles are large enough to scatter light, but which does not spontaneously separate because its particles are small enough to remain permanently suspended in the solvent.

Back 29

suspension

Front 30

An ____ ____ becomes oxidized in a redbox reaction.

Back 30

electron donor

Front 31

____ is the most physiologically relevant way of expressing electrolyte concentration.

Back 31

mEq/L

Front 32

An ___ ___ is a reducing agent.

Back 32

electron donor

Front 33

Chemical reactions that release heat are called ____.

Back 33

exergonic

Front 34

The synthesis reactions of metabolism are collectively called ____.

Back 34

anabolism

Front 35

Electron acceptor is the best definition of an ___.

Back 35

acid

Front 36

Although temperature is measured in degrees, heat itself is measured by ___.

Back 36

calories

Front 37

The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a ___ reaction.

Back 37

hydrolysis

Front 38

Dietary fiber consists largely of the indigestible polysaccharide ____.

Back 38

cellulose

Front 39

Any enzyme that digests fat is called a ____.

Back 39

lipase

Front 40

A major change in enzyme structure that destroys its catalytic ability is called ___.

Back 40

denaturation

Front 41

A chemical that is changed by an enzyme is called its ___.

Back 41

substrate

Front 42

The process of ___ splits glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules.

Back 42

glycolysis

Front 43

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called its ____.

Back 43

enzyme

Front 44

The formula for a carboxyl group is ____.

Back 44

-COOH

Front 45

Hydrophobic molecules comprised of three six carbon rings and one five carbon ring are ___.

Back 45

steroids

Front 46

A common model used to describe enzyme-substrate specificity is ___.

Back 46

lock and key

Front 47

___ is the process that produces lactic acid in humans.

Back 47

fermentation

Front 48

Inorganic ions that activate enzymes are ___.

Back 48

cofactors

Front 49

__ __ is the process by which most ATP is produced in humans.

Back 49

aerobic respiration

Front 50

Any chain of numerous similar or identical molecular subunits is a __.

Back 50

polymer

Front 51

A __ __ is the type of bond that links adjacent amino acids together in proteins.

Back 51

peptide bond

Front 52

Protein cylinders called ___ form the core of a cilium or flagellum, and form part of the cytoskeleton.

Back 52

microtubules

Front 53

The plasma membrane is said to be __ __ because it allows some substances to pass through, but excludes others.

Back 53

selectively permeable

Front 54

__ is a process of membrane transport that depends on the hydrostatic pressure exerted on a fluid.

Back 54

filtration.

Front 55

One difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that facilitated diffusion moves substances down their __ __, while active transport moves them up.

Back 55

concentration gradient

Front 56

the plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and __ molecules.

Back 56

phospholipid

Front 57

Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called __ __.

Back 57

voltage-gated channels

Front 58

__ is a process in which cells destroy non-functional organelles.

Back 58

apoptosis

Front 59

Imbibing fluid droplets on one side of a cell, transporting them across the cell, and releasing them on the other side, is called __.

Back 59

transcytosis

Front 60

Facilitated diffusion and active transport are both classified as __ transport because they involve transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

Back 60

carrier-mediated

Front 61

the organelle that detoxifies free radicals is the __.

Back 61

lysosome

Front 62

The organelle the synthesizes carbohydrates and conjugates glycoproteins is the _ _.

Back 62

golgi complex

Front 63

A molecule that binds to a protein of the plasma membrane is a __.

Back 63

ligand

Front 64

A __ is an expected modification on the surface of a cell that is specialized for absorption.

Back 64

microvilli

Front 65

The supportive framework of a cell, termed __, is composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Back 65

cytoskeleton

Front 66

The core of cilium and flagellum, called the __, is responsible for its motility.

Back 66

axoneme

Front 67

The __ __ is an organelle that produces secretory vesicles destined for exocytosis.

Back 67

golgi complex

Front 68

A solution that is more dilute than cytoplasm and would cause a cell to swell with water is said to be __.

Back 68

hypotonic

Front 69

__ is the process by which a cell imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid without changing the composition of the fluid.

Back 69

pinocytosis

Front 70

The sex of a person from which a tissue was taken could be determined from the __, a chart in which photographs of the chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs.

Back 70

karyotype

Front 71

Two identical-looking chromosomes, each of which was inherited from a different parent, are called __ chromosomes.

Back 71

homologous

Front 72

A __ is, in some cases, a gene for a growth factor. It can mutate and become a cancer-causing oncogene.

Back 72

proto-oncogene

Front 73

The spread of cancer form its original site in the bod to new locations is called ___.

Back 73

metastasis

Front 74

Any environmental agent that causes cancer is called a ___.

Back 74

carcinogen

Front 75

A __ cell is one that has half as many chromosomes as those cells with a complete chromosome set.

Back 75

haploid

Front 76

The alternative forms taken by a single gene are called its __.

Back 76

alleles

Front 77

The __ is the combination of genes that a person has for a specific trait.

Back 77

genotype

Front 78

_ _ is a phenomenon in which cells stop dividing when they are in close contact with neighboring cells, thus preventing excessive tissue growth.

Back 78

contact inhibition

Front 79

__ is the molecule that possesses an anticodon.

Back 79

tRNA

Front 80

Cellular reversion to an undifferentiated form, called __, is commonly seen in malignant tumors.

Back 80

anaplasia

Front 81

__ __ are chemicals that stimulate mitosis in target cells.

Back 81

growth factors

Front 82

The __, phrase refers to cells that no longer undergo mitosis.

Back 82

G(o)

Front 83

Dynein is found in the __ as well as in cilia and flagella

Back 83

kinetochore

Front 84

__ is the division of the cytoplasm following mitotic division of the nucleus.

Back 84

cytokinesis

Front 85

A structure involved in cytokinesis that is made of microtubules is the __ __.

Back 85

mitotic spindle

Front 86

The epidermis is said to be a __ stratified squamous epithelium because it is covered with dead, protein-filled cells.

Back 86

keratinized

Front 87

Any gland that has no duct and secretes its products directly into the blood is called an __ gland.

Back 87

endocrine

Front 88

Hyaline cartilage is covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the __.

Back 88

perichondrium

Front 89

All the material that occurs outside the cells is called __ material.

Back 89

extracellular

Front 90

Thendons are in a category called __ __ connective tissue because all their fibers are more or less parallel and closely spaced.

Back 90

dense regular

Front 91

A simple epithelium is one in which every cell reaches the ___.

Back 91

basement membrane

Front 92

All connective tissues consist of cells, fibers, and __ __.

Back 92

ground substance

Front 93

The cell body of a neuron usually has one axon and numerous___ extending from it.

Back 93

dendrites

Front 94

The growth of a tissue due to enlargement of its cells, but no involving the production of new cells, is called __.

Back 94

hypertrophy

Front 95

Glands that produce thin, watery secretions are called ___ glands.

Back 95

serous

Front 96

Formation of scar tissue is known as__.

Back 96

fibrosis

Front 97

__ is the primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle and connective tissue.

Back 97

mesoderm

Front 98

The merocrine method uses __ to secrete its product.

Back 98

exocytosis

Front 99

All body passages open to the exterior are lined with __ __.

Back 99

mucous membranes