Honors Bio, Ch. 7 & 11, Alexis Taylor

Front 1

Vascular Plants

Back 1

The ancestors of of every plant, excluding mosses (and their kin).

Hint 1

1). ____________ contain a specialized tissue that has cells joined into tubes, transporting water and nutrients throughout it.

2). Examples include: Ferns, Roses, and Tiger Lilies.

Front 2

Lignin

Back 2

A hard material found in the cellulose matrix of cell walls, providing strength and rigidness to plants.

Hint 2

2). It is an adaptation that vascular plants contain.

Front 3

Xylem

Back 3

Hollow, tube-like cells that transport water and minerals from the roots, up to the rest of a vascular plant.

Hint 3

2). _____ cells are the main aspect of wood.

Front 4

Phloem

Back 4

Part of a plant's vascular system, in which cells are arranged into lengthened tubes which carry sugar and nutrients throughout a plant.

Hint 4

2). ________ use active transport when transporting nutrients.

Front 5

Tracheids

Back 5

Water-conducting, as well as supportive element, of xylem.

Hint 5

2). _______ consist of long cells, with pointed ends, and thick walls.

Front 6

Vessel Elements

Back 6

Water-conducting cells that are short and wide, with thinner walls than tracheids. They create a tube that moves water and minerals when arranged with similar cells.

Hint 6

2). The end walls of ________ tend to be missing, or have holes/gaps in them.

Front 7

Cohesion

Back 7

The binding of alike molecules in a substance.

Hint 7

1). Example: Water molecules sticking/binding together.

2). ________ is similar to adhesion.

Front 8

Adhesion

Back 8

The attraction between different substances.

Hint 8

1). ________ is similar to cohesion.

2). _______ causes capillary action, when a tube is placed in a container of water and the water rises up inside of the tube.

Front 9

Sieve Tubes

Back 9

Inside a plant, it is a column of phloem cells.

Hint 9

2). Companion cells surround these.

Front 10

Endosperm

Back 10

A tissue that assists in delivering nutrients from the plant to the developing embryo.

Hint 10

1). With a few species, the embryo will fully digest, andconsume the _________ during seed development.

2). The _________ will often serve as a place/source of nutrients for a younger plant, until photosynthesis can be conducted.

Front 11

Cotyledons

Back 11

The bumps/seed leaves of a flowering plant embryo.

Hint 11

1). __________ are not genuine/true leaves. However, with several plants, they will conduct photosynthesis until the first leaves of the plant are developed.

2). _____ suck in nutrients from the endosperm to nourish the embryo.

Front 12

Apical Meristems

Back 12

The embryonic plant tissue at/in the tips of roots and shoots, that provide cells for growth (lengthwise).

Hint 12

2). __________ are an example of undifferentiated cells.

Front 13

Seed Coat

Back 13

The exterior cover of a seed, and provides protection.

Hint 13

2). With the _________, as it matures, it becomes so dry that enzymes are incapable of properly functioning, and cell respiration slows down. The _____ allows seeds to stay alive for several years.

Front 14

Germination

Back 14

It is the sprouting/expansion of a seed.

Hint 14

2). When water and oxygen are abundant, and temperature and environmental conditions are in favor, __________ occurs, and cell respiration rate is increased.

Front 15

Primary Growth

Back 15

The growth, lengthwise, of the roots and stems of a plant; growth from meristems present in the embryo.

Hint 15

1). During ___________, cell divisions in the apical meristems form a constant supply of new cells.

2). During __________, cells that expand (from the apical meristems) allow the roots and stems of a plant to grow longer.

Front 16

Node

Back 16

The part of a plant in which the leaves connect to the stem.

Hint 16

2). With primary growth, the meristems found at every _______ help with stem growth, contributing/supplying cells.

Front 17

Root Cap

Back 17

A layer of cells which protects the apical meristem as the root grows through the soil.

Hint 17

2). The _________ is a tough tissue mass which is found at the end/tip of the root.

Front 18

Epidermis

Back 18

The exterior shell/covering of a plant.

Hint 18

2). With certain species, , the embryo will consume the _______ during the process of seed development.

Front 19

Cuticle

Back 19

The waxy, exterior layer that covers the surfaces of the majority of land-dwelling plants, fungi, and animals.

Hint 19

1). The majority of epidermal tissue is covered in hydrophobic ______ of wax.

2). _______ help in preventing water loss.

Front 20

Vascular Tissue

Back 20

The tissue in plants that specializes in/is responsible for transporting food, water, and minerals.

Hint 20

1). ________ lets vascular plants store food, and supports the plant's body.

2). Examples: Xylem and Phloem.

Front 21

Ground Tissue

Back 21

Tissues filling up the body of a plant, giving it a shape and interior support. It makes up the majority of a newly formed plant, and fills the space between the outer layer and vascular tissues.

Hint 21

2). While some ________ can become specialized, others contribute towards the storage of nutrients, and mechanical support.

Front 22

Secondary Growth

Back 22

When a plant stem or root grows in thickness or width.

Hint 22

1). ________ originates from the vascular cambium.

2). _______ is a result of cell division.

Front 23

Vascular Cambium

Back 23

A meristem which produces secondary growth.

Hint 23

1). The __________ builds up the diameter of stems and roots.

2). The _________ contains xylem on the interior surface, with phloem on the exterior.

Front 24

Pericycle

Back 24

It's found in plants, and is a cylinder of meristem tissue, surrounding the xylem and phloem in a root.

Hint 24

2). Secondary roots grow/originate from the __________.

Front 25

Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)

Back 25

A substance that affects plant growth, either by promoting, hindering, or altering it.

Hint 25

1). ___________, being produced by genes, act in a similar way as hormones do in animals.

2). Auxins, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins are examples.

Front 26

Auxins

Back 26

A plant growth regulator group which promotes growth through enlarging and/or lengthening cells.

Hint 26

1). They were the first type of PGR to be discovered.

2). _________ move using active transport throughout the plant.

Front 27

Gibberellins

Back 27

A plant growth regulator group which stimulates the lengthening of stems and leaves.

Hint 27

1). _________ stimulate the development of fruit.

2). _____ take place in reproduction, and helps increase the rate of germination.

Front 28

Cytokinins

Back 28

Plant growth regulators which stimulate cell division, as well as stem and root growth, and chloroplast development.

Hint 28

1). _____ work together with other plant growth regulators to regulate plant growth patterns.

2). _________ stimulate/promote organ development and hinders plant tissues from aging.

Front 29

Abscisic Acid

Back 29

A plant growth regulator which protects plants when environmental conditions are harsh. It does this through promoting dormancy in the buds and seeds, and closes the stomates.

Hint 29

1). By closing the stomates, ___________ protects plants from losing water, yet it slows down photosynthesis.

2). Drought and dry environmental conditions are mainly what _______ protects plants against.

Front 30

Ethylene

Back 30

A plant growth regulator which promotes the ripening of fruit, and also hinders plant growth in the roots and stems.

Hint 30

1). _____ disapproves/goes against several of the effects of auxins and cytokinins.

2). While ________ ripens fruit, it can ensue in plants dying as well.

Front 31

Tropism

Back 31

The growth of a plant either toward or away from an environmental stimuli.

Hint 31

2). ________ result from differences in growth between parts of an organ.

Front 32

Phototropism

Back 32

The growth either toward or away from a source of light.

Hint 32

2). _______ occurs due to a higher auxin amounts on the dark side of stems.

Front 33

Gravitropism

Back 33

A response to gravity from an organism, whether it is positive or negative.

Hint 33

1). With _______, the stems react negatively, while the roots react positively.

2). ____ occurs due to PGR's, like auxins, and calcium ion concentrations.

Front 34

Photoperiodism

Back 34

The biological response to how long day or night lasts within a full day.

Hint 34

2). Due to _______, certain plants will only bloom when daylight exceeds a particular amount of hours. They are known as long-day plants.

Front 35

Phytochrome

Back 35

A light-absorbing pigment.

Hint 35

1). This pigment takes place in photoperiodism.

2). One form of ________ absorbs red light, while the other form absorbs far-red light.