Histopath Ajfb

Front 1

Infectious agents that cause Spongiforms Encephalitis such as

1. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Dse (CJD)

2. Scrapie

3. Madcow

Back 1

Prions

Front 2

Tissues with Prions can be decontaminated by:

Back 2

1. Immersing in Formalin

48 Hrs

2. Concentrated Formic Acid

1 Hr

3. Additional Formalin for

48 Hrs

Hint 2

Normal Steam Sterilization does not inactivate Prions

Front 3

Process whereby selected tissue specimen is immersed in a watch glass with Isotonic Salt Solution, carefully dissected or separated and examined under microscope

Back 3

Teasing or Dissociation

Front 4

Process wherbey small pieces of tissue not more than 1 mm in dm are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly compressed with another slide or with a cover glass

Back 4

Squash Preparation or Crushing

Front 5

With an applicator stick or platinum loop, the material is rapidly and gently applied in a direct or zigzag line t/out the slide

Back 5

Streaking

Front 6

Selected portion of the material is transferred to a clean slide and gently spread into a moderately thick film by teasing the mucous strands apart with an applicator stick

Back 6

Spreading

Front 7

Useful for preparing smears of thick secretions such as serous fluids, enzymatic lavage samples from the gastrointestinal tract and blood smears

Back 7

Pull-apart

Front 8

Special method of smear prep whereby the surface of a freshly cut piece of tissue is brought in contact and pressed onto the surface of a clean slide

Back 8

Touch Preparation or Impression Smear

Front 9

Primary application of

Frozen Section

Back 9

Rapid Diagnosis

Front 10

Most Rapid Freezing Agent

Back 10

Nitrogen

Front 11

Freezes tissues in a

Frozen Microtome

Back 11

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)

Front 12

Fixatives According to Compisition:

Back 12

1. Aldehyde Fixatives

- Formaldehyde

- Glutaraldehyde

2. Metallic Fixatives

- Mercurial

- Chromate

- Lead

3. Picric Acid Fixative

4. Alcoholic Fixatives

5. Osmium Tetroxide (Osmic Acid)

Front 13

Formaldehyde Fixatives:

Back 13

1. 10% Formol-Saline

2. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin or Phosphate Buffered Formalin (pH7)

3. Formol Corrosive (Formol Sublimate)

4. Alcoholic Formalin (Gendre's Fixative)

Hint 13

1010GF

Front 14

Mercuric Chloride Fixatives:

Back 14

1. Zenker's Fluid

2. Zenker-Formol (Helly's Fluid)

3. Heidenhain's Susa Solution

4. B-5 Fixative

Hint 14

ZZBH

Front 15

Chromate Fixatives:

Back 15

1. Chromic Acid

2. Regaud's Fluid

3. Orth's Fluid

4. Potassium Dichromate

Hint 15

CROP

Front 16

Picric Acid Fixatives:

Back 16

1. Bouin's Solution

2. Brasil's Alcoholic Picroformol Fixative

Hint 16

BB

Front 17

Alcohol Fixatives:

Back 17

1. Methyl Alcohol 100%

2. Isopropyl Alcohol 95%

3. Ethyl Alcohol 70-100%

4. Carnoy's Fluid

5. Newcomer's Fluid

Hint 17

MINCE

Front 18

Osmium Tetroxide

(Osmic Acid) Fixatives:

Back 18

1. Flemming's Solution

2. Flemming's Solution w/out Acetic Acid

Front 19

Fixatives according to Action:

Back 19

1. Microanatomic Fixatives

2. Nuclear Fixatives

3. Cytoplasmic Fixatives

4. Histochemical Fixatives

Front 20

Should never contain

osmium tetroxide (osmic acid) because it inhibits hematoxylin

Microanatomic Fixatives:

Back 20

1. 10% Formol Saline

2. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

3. Zenker's Solution

4. Zenker-Formol (Helly's)

5. Bouin's Solution

6. Brasil's

7. Heidenhain's Susa

8. Formol Sublimate

(Formol Corrosive)

Hint 20

1010ZZBBHF

Front 21

Usually contains

Glacial Acetic Acid

affinity for nuclear chromatin

pH 4.6 or less

Nuclear Fixatives:

Back 21

1. Bouin's

2. Newcomer's

3. Flemming's

4. Carnoy's

5. Heidenhain's Susa

Hint 21

Besh

Naman

Feeling

Close

Ha

Front 22

Should never contain

Glacial Acetic Acid

Destroys mitochondria & golgi bodies

pH more than 4.6

Cytoplasmic Fixatives:

Back 22

1. Formalin w/ post chroming

2. Orth's

3. Regaud's

4. Helly's

5. Flemming's Fluid w/ acetic acid

Hint 22

F

O

R

Hellys

Flem

Front 23

Histochemical Fixatives:

Back 23

1. 10% Formol Saline

2. Absolute Ethyl Alcohol

3. Newcomer's

4. Acetone

Hint 23

FANA

Front 24

Formaldehyde Waste:

Back 24

1. Can be recycled by distillation, or by drain disposal

2. Can be detoxified by a commercial product

3. Can be disposed by a licensed waste hauler

Front 25

To avoid expensive disposal, Mercuric Fixatives maybe replaced with:

Back 25

1. Zinc Formalin

2. Glyoxal Solutions

Hint 25

Mercurial and reagents used to dezenkerize the sections releases Mercury and must not go thru drain disposal

Front 26

Lipid Fixation:

Back 26

1. Aldehydes : Foramaldehyde

2. Baker's Formol Calcium

- PHOSPHOLIPIDS

3. Mercuric Chloride & K Dicrhomate

- Preservation of Lipids in Cryostat

4. Digitionin

- Ultrastructural Demo of Chole

Front 27

Protein Fixation:

Back 27

1. Neutral Buffered Formol Saline

2. Formaldehyde Vapor

Front 28

Glycogen Fixation:

Back 28

1. Alcoholic Fixatives

2. Rossman's Fluid

3. Cold Absolute Alcohol

Front 29

First and most critical step in Histotechnology

Back 29

Fixation

Front 30

Primary Aim of Fixation:

Back 30

Preserve morphological & chemical integrity of the cell in as-if like manner as possible

Front 31

Secondary Aim of Fixation:

Back 31

Harden & Protect the tissue form the trauma of futher handling, so that it is easier to cut during gross exam

Front 32

Amount of Fixative:

Back 32

1. 10-20 times the volume of the tissue

2. Osmium Tetroxide (expensive)

5-10 times the volume of the tissue

Front 33

Fixation for Hallow Organs such as Stomach or Intestines:

Back 33

1. Packed w/ Cotton soaked in Fixative

2. Completely opened before immersion in fixing solution

Front 34

Fixation for Air-filled Lungs that float in fixative

Back 34

Organ maybe covered with Layers of Gauze to maintain it under the surface

Front 35

Fixation for Eyes:

Back 35

1. Should not be dissected before they are fixed, may lead to tissue collapse & wrinkiling due to escape of vitreous humor

2. FORMOL ALCOHOL injected before immersing the organ in fixative

Front 36

Fixation for Brain:

Back 36

Suspended in Whole in

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

for

2-3 Wks

to ensure fixation and hardening prior to sectioning

Front 37

Fixation for

Hard Tissues

such as

1. Cervix

2. Uterine

3. Fibroids

4. Hyperkeratotic Skin

5. Fingernails

Back 37

Lendrum's Method

1. Washed out in running water overnight

2. Immersed in

4% aqueous phenol for

1-3 Days

Front 38

Concentrated soln of formaldehyde should never be

Back 38

Neutralized

Hint 38

It may precipitate violent explosions

Front 39

Prevents formaldehyde decomposition to formic acid or precipitation of paraformaldehye

Back 39

METHANOL

Front 40

Used for removal of

Brown or Black Crystalline Formalin Deposits:

Back 40

1. Alcoholic Picric Acid

2. 1% KOH in 80% Alcohol

Front 41

Recommended for

Nervous Tissue (CNS) preservation

Back 41

Formaldehyde (Formalin)

Front 42

Fixes

sputum

since it

coagulates mucus

Back 42

Alcoholic Formalin (Gendre's Fixative)

Front 43

Fixation for

Electron Microscopy:

Back 43

1. Fixed in Glutaraldehyde

2. Secondary Fixation in

Osmium Tetroxide

Front 44

Most common Metallic Fixative

Fixative of choice for

Tissue Photography

Back 44

Mercuric Chloride

Front 45

Removal of

Black Mercurial Deposits

Back 45

Saturated Iodine Solution in

96% Alcohol

Front 46

Difference b/w

Zenker's & Helly's Fluid

Back 46

1. Zenker's Fluid

- Contains Glacial Acetic Acid

2. Helly's Fluid (Zenker-Formol)

- Contains Formaldehyde

Hint 46

Both are Mercurial Fixative

Front 47

Recommended for fixing

small pieces of

1. Liver

2. Spleen

3. Connective tissue fibers

4. Nuclei

Back 47

Zenker's Fluid

Hint 47

Contains:

1. Mercuric Chloride

2. Potassium Dichromate

3. NA Sulfate

4. Distilled Water

5. GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

Front 48

Excellent microanatomic fixative for

1. Pituitary Gland

2. Bone Marrow

3. Blood Containing Organs

(Spleen & Liver)

Back 48

Zenker-Formol (Helly's)

Hint 48

Contains:

1. Mercuric Chloride

2. K Dichromate

3. Na Sulfate

4. Distilled Water

5. STRONG FORMALDEHYDE

Front 49

Recommended mainly for

Tumor Biopsies

especially of the

Skin

Back 49

Heidenhain's Susa

Front 50

Commonly used for

BM Biopsies

Back 50

B-5 Fixative

Front 51

Recommended for Demo of

1. Chromatin

2. Mitochondria

3. Mitotic Figures

4. Golgi Bodies

5. RBCs

6. Colloid Containing Tissues

Back 51

Regaud's (Moller's) Fluid

Front 52

Recommended for study of

Early Degenerative Processes and

Tissue Necrosis

Demonstrates Rickettsiae & Other Bacteria

Back 52

Orth's Fluid

Front 53

Recommended for

Acid Mucopolysaccharides

Back 53

Lead Fixatives

4% Soln of Lead Acetate

Front 54

Excellent fixative for Glycogen Demo

YELLOW stain taken in by tissues prevents small fragments from being overlooked

Brilliant Staining w/ Trichrome Mtd

HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE WHEN DRY must be kept moist w/ distilled water or saturated alcohol during storage

Back 54

Picric Acid

Front 55

Excellent fixative for preserving

soft & delicate structures (Endometrial Curettings)

YELLOW STAIN useful when handling fragmentary biopsies

NOT SUITABLE for Kidney Structures, Lipids & Mucus

Back 55

Bouin's Sol'n

Hint 55

Contains:

1. Picric Acid

2. Formaldehyde

3. Glacial Acetic Acid

Front 56

Causes Tissues to Swell

Solidifies at 17C

Back 56

Glacial Acetic Acid

Front 57

Alcohol Fixatives:

Back 57

1. Used in conc 70-100%

2. Less conc sol'n will produce Lysis of Cells

3. Ideal for

Small Tissue Fragments

Front 58

Excellent for Fixing

1. Dry & Wet Smears

2. Blood Smears

3. BM Smears

Back 58

100% Methyl Alcohol

Front 59

Used for fixing

touch preparations for certain special staining procedures such as Wright-Giemsa

Back 59

95% Isopropyl Alcohol

Front 60

Simple Fixative

Used at Conc of 70-100%

Back 60

Ethyl Alcohol

Front 61

Recommended for Fixing

1. Chromosomes

2. Lymph Glands

3. Urgent Biopsies

4. Fix Brain Tx for Dx of Rabies

MOST RAPID FIXATIVE

Fixes & Dehydrates at the same time

Back 61

Carnoy's Fluid

Front 62

Recommended for Fixing

1. Mucopolysaccharides

2. Nuclear Proteins

Both a NUCLEAR & HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVE

Back 62

Newcomer's Fluid

Front 63

Most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative

Recommended for

Nuclear Fixation

Back 63

Flemming's Sol'n

w/ Acetic Acid

Front 64

Recommended for Cytoplasmic Structures particularly Mitochondria

Only made up of Chromic Acid

Back 64

Flemming's Sol'n

w/out Acetic Acid

Front 65

Recommended for study of

Water Diffusable Enzymes especially phosphatases & lipases

Also used for Fixing Brain Tx for Dx of RABIES

Use at ICE COLD TEMP (-5 to 4C)

Back 65

Acetone

Front 66

Secondary Fixation w/

2.5-3% K Dichromate

Acts as Mordant for better staining effects and to aid in cytologic preservation of tissues

Back 66

Post Chromatization

Front 67

Chief Adavantage of

Microwave Fixation:

Back 67

1. Tissue is heated right thru the block in a very short time

2. Allowing the study of cellular processes that proceed very rapidly

Front 68

Disadvantages of

Microwave Fixation:

Back 68

1. Only penetrate tissue to a thickness of 10-15 mm

2. No signifacant cross-linking of protein molecules

3. Viable spores & Pathogens may remain in tissues

Front 69

Fixation for

Enzyme Histochemistry

Back 69

1. 4% Formaldehyde

2. Formol Saline

Front 70

Fixatives for

Electron Microscopy:

Back 70

1. Osmium Tetroxide 4C

2. Glutaraldehyde 4C

3. Paraformaldehye 4C

4. Karnovsky's Paraformaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde Mixture

Front 71

Calcium & Lime Salts are removed from tissues following Fixation

Bones & Teeth

Back 71

Decalcification

Front 72

Decalcification should be done

Back 72

AFTER FIXATION

BEFORE IMPREG

Front 73

Methods of Decalcification:

Back 73

1. Acids

2. Chelating Agents

3. Ion-exchange Resins

4. Electrical Ionization (Electrophoresis)

Front 74

Reco Ratio of Fluid to Tissue Volume for Decalcification

Back 74

20:1

Front 75

Ideal time Required for Dacalcifying Tissue

Back 75

1-2 Days

24-48 Hrs

Dense Bones requires upto

14 Days

or longer to complete the process

Front 76

Most Common and

Fastest

Decalcifying Agent

Back 76

Nitric Acid

Front 77

Prevention of Yellow Color imparted by

Nitrous Acid Formation

Back 77

1. Neutralizing the Tissue w/

5% Na Sulfate and washing in

Tap Water for atleast 12 Hrs

2. Addition of 0.1% Urea to Pure Conc Nitric Acid

Front 78

Dacalcifies & Softens Tissue at the same time

Back 78

Perenyi's Fluid

Hint 78

Contains:

1. Nitric Acid

2. Chromic Acid

3. Ethyl Alcohol

Front 79

Decalcifying Agent that contains HCL

Back 79

Von Ebner's Fluid

Hint 79

Contains:

1. HCL

2. NaCl

3. Distilled Water

Front 80

Used both as a

Fixative & Decalcifying Agent

Back 80

Chromic Acid (Flemming's Fluid)

Front 81

Determination of the completeness of

Decalcification:

Back 81

1. Physical or Mechanical test

2. X-ray or Radiological

3. Chemical or Calcium Oxalate Test

Front 82

Most ideal, most sensitive and most reliable method for determining extent of decalcification

Back 82

X-ray or

Radiological

Front 83

Simple, reliable and convenient method reco for Routine purposes to detect presence of calcium in decalcifying solution

Back 83

Chemical or

Calcium Oxalate Test

Front 84

Removal of Intercellular and Extracellular water from the tissues ffg FIXATION and prior to

WAX IMPREG

Back 84

Dehydration

Front 85

Common Dehydrating Agents:

Back 85

1. Alcohol (Most Common)

2. Acetone

3. Dioxane (Diethylene Dioxide)

4. Cellosolve (Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

5. Triethyl Phosphate

6. Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Front 86

Amount of Dehydrating Agent

Back 86

Not be less than 10 Times the volume of the tissue to ensure complete penetration

Front 87

Temp that will Hasten Dehy and esp used for tx sections that require urgent exam such as Fragmentary Biopsies

Back 87

37C

Front 88

To ensure

Complete Dehydration:

Back 88

Layer of Anhydrous Copper Sulfate (1/4 Inch Deep)

placed at the bottom of the container & covered with

Filter Paper

Accelerate Dehy by removing water from the dehydrating fluid

Hint 88

Blue Discoloration

of Copper Sulfate Crystals

- Indicate full saturation of dehydrating fluid with water

- Alcohol is discarded and changed w/ Fresh Sol'n

Front 89

Alcohol recommended for Routine Dehy of Tissues

BEST DEHYDRATING AGENT

Back 89

Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

Front 90

Toxic Dehy Agent

Primarily employed for Blood & Tissue Films

Back 90

Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)

Front 91

Utilized in Plant & Animal Microtechniques

SLOW DEHY AGENT

Back 91

Butyl Alcohol (Butanol)

Front 92

Both Dehydrating & Clearing Agents

Back 92

1. Dioxane

2. Teyrahydrofuran

Front 93

Alcohol & Dehy Agent is removed from the tissue and replaced w/ a substance that will dissolve the wax with which Tx is to impregnated (paraffin) or the medium on w/c the tissue is to be mounted (canada balsam)

Back 93

Clearing or Dealcoholization

Front 94

Common Clearing Agents:

Back 94

1. Xylene (Most Common)

2. Toluene

3. Benzene

4. Choloroform

5. Cedarwood Oil

6. Aniline Oil

7. Clove Oil

8. Carbon Tetrachloride

Front 95

Most commonly used clearing agents for dealcoholization in the embedding process

Back 95

1. Xylene

2. Dioxane

3. Choloroform

4. Cedarwood Oil

Front 96

Most commonly used clearing agent in Histology Lab

Becomes

Milky

when incompletely Dehydrated tissue is immersed in it

Back 96

Xylene (Xylol)

Front 97

Recommended clearing agent for

1. Tough Tissues (Skin, Fibroid, & Decalcified Tx)

2. Nervous Tx

3. Lymph Nodes

4. Embryos

Causes Minimun shrinkage & Hardening

Back 97

Chloroform

Front 98

Excessive exposure to these clearing agent may be extremely toxic and may become carcinogenic or it may damage the BM resulting in

Aplastic Anemia

Back 98

Benzene

Front 99

Used to clear both paraffin and celloidin sections during the embedding process

Especially recommended for CNS and cytological studies, particularly of smooth muscles and skin

Back 99

Cedarwood Oil

Front 100

SIow-acting clearing agents that can be used when

double embedding

techniques are required

Back 100

1. Methyl Benzoate

2. Methyl salicylate

(Oil of Wintergreen)

Front 101

IDEAL AMOUNTS:

Back 101

1. Fixative

- 10-20 times the volume of the tissue

- Osmium tetroxide 5-10x (expensive)

2. Decalcifying agent

- >/=20 times the volume Of the tissue

3. Dehydrating agent

- >/= 10 times the volume of the tissue

4. Clearing agent

- >/= 10 times the volume of the tissue

5. Impregnating agent

- >/= 25 times the volume of the tissue

Front 102

Process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities

Back 102

Impregnation (Infiltration)

Front 103

Process by w/c the impregnated tissue is placed in a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium w/c is then allowed to solidify

Back 103

Embedding

(Casting or Blocking)

Front 104

Four Types of Impregnation and Embedding Medium:

Back 104

1. Paraffin Wax

2. Celloidin (Colloidin)

3. Gelatin

4. Plastic

Front 105

Volume of Impregnating Medium:

Back 105

Atleast 25 Times the volume of the Tissue

Front 106

Simplest, most common and best embedding medium for routine tx processing

Back 106

Paraffin Wax

Hint 106

MP: 56C

1. Lab w/ Temp of 20-24C

- Paraffin w/ MP of 54-58C

2. Lab w/ Temp of 15-18C

- Paraffin w/ MP of 50-54C

Front 107

Manual:

Paraffin Wax Impreg

Embedding

Back 107

1. Impregnation

- At least 4 changes of paraffin

- 15 mins Interval

2. Embedding

- Approx 3 Hrs

Front 108

Makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine (AUTOTECHNICON)

Fixes, Dehydrates, Clears and Infiltrates tissues

Back 108

Automatic processing

Hint 108

1. Fixation

2. Dehydration

3. Clearing

3. Infiltration

Front 109

Automatic Tissue Processing:

Back 109

1. 12 Individual Steps

2. 10 One Liter capacity glass beakers

3. Two Thermostatically controlled wax baths

4. Wax Bath thermostat shoul be at least 3 Deg above the MP of the Wax

Front 110

Wax Impreg under Negative Atmospheric Pressure inside an embedding oven

FASTEST RESULT

Back 110

Vacuum Embedding

Front 111

Paraffin Oven Temp:

Back 111

1. Maintained at 50-60C

2. Temp of 2-5C Above the MP of Paraffin

Hint 111

>60C will produce

Shrinkage & Hardening

Front 112

Paraffin wax should be pure, free from dust, water droplets and foreign matter

Back 112

1. Fresh wax should be filtered before use in wax oven at a temperature 2C higher than its melting point

2. Wax that has been trimmed away from the impregnated tissue may be melted and filtered for future use with a coarse filter paper (Green no. 904)

3. Water may be removed by heating the wax 100-105C thereby raising its melting point

4. Paraftin wax may be used only twice, after which fresh wax must be utilized

Front 113

Substitutes for Paraffin Wax:

Back 113

1. Paraplast

2. Embeddol

3. Bioloid

4. Tissue Mat

5. Ester Wax

6. Water Soluble Waxes, Carbowax

Front 114

Highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymers

Back 114

Paraplast

Front 115

Synthetic wax similar to paraplast but differs in MP

Less Brittle, Less Compressible than Paraplast

Back 115

Embeddol

Front 116

Synthetic Wax reco for embedding Eyes

Back 116

Bioloid

Front 117

Product of Paraffin containing Rubber

Same property as Paraplast

Back 117

Tissue Mat

Front 118

Has Lower MP, but is

Harder than Paraffin

Back 118

Ester Wax

Front 119

Polyethylene Glycol

Miscible & Soluble with Water

Does not require Dehy & Clearing of Tx

Back 119

Carbowax

Front 120

Done to reduce Tissue distortion and promote flattening and floating out of sections

Back 120

1. Adding SOAP TO WATER

2. 10% Polyethylene Glycol 900

Hint 120

Carbowax sections are very difficult to float out and mount due to its solubility with water, dehy & clearing agents

Front 121

Paraffin Subtitutes MP:

Back 121

1. Paraplast

- 56-57C

2. Embeddol

- 56-58C

3. Ester Wax

- 46-48C

Front 122

Purified form of Nitrocellulose soluble in many solvents

Back 122

Celloidin (Colloidin)

Front 123

Solution of Cellulose dissolved in Equal Parts of Ether & Alcohol

Back 123

1. THIN 2%

2. MEDIUM 4%

3. THICK 8%

Front 124

Celloidin Impreg Mtd Reco for

1. Bones

2. Teeth

3. Large Brain Sections

4. Whole Organs

Tissue block is Stored in

70-80% Alcohol

Back 124

Wet Celloidin

Method

Front 125

Celloidin Impreg Mtd preferred for processing

Whole Eye Sections

Similar to Wet Celloidin exc. 70% Alcohol is not used for storage

Back 125

Dry Celloidin

Method

Front 126

Mixture of

Chloroform &

Cedarwood Oil

Added to Celloidin Blocks before hardening to make the tissue transparent

Back 126

Gilson's Mixture

Front 127

Rarely used except when

Dehydration is to be avoided

Used when Tx are subjected to Histochemical & Enzyme Studies

Back 127

Gelatin Impregnation

Hint 127

Water Soluble

Does not require Dehy & Clearing

Front 128

Process in w/c tx is arranged in precise position in the mold during embedding, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining

Back 128

Orientation

Front 129

Blocking-out Molds

Back 129

1. Leuckhart's

- 2 L shaped heavy brass or metal

2. Compound Embedding Unit

3. Plastic Embedding Rings & Base Molds

4. Disposable embedding Molds

- Peel Away

- Plastic Ice Trays

- Paper Boats

Front 130

Infiltrated w/ Celloidin

Embedded w/ Paraffin

Facilitate cutting of Large Blocks of dense firm tissues like Brain

Back 130

Double Embedding Method

Front 131

Plastic (Resin) Embedding:

Back 131

1. Epoxy Embedding Plastics

- Epon

- Araldite

- Cyclohexane Dioxide Based (Spurr)

2. Polyseter Plastics

3. Acrylic Plastics

- Polyglycol Methacrylate (GMA)

- Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)

Front 132

Process in w/c a processed tx is trimmed & cut into uniformly thin slices or sections to facilitate studies under the microscope

Back 132

Microtomy

Front 133

3 Essential Parts of Microtome:

Back 133

1. Block Holder

2. Knife Carrier & Knife

3. Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel, & Adjustment Screws

Hint 133

Types of Microtome:

1. Rocking Cambridge Microtome

- Paldwell Trefall

2. Rotary Microtome

- Minot

3. Sliding Microtome

- Adams

4. Freezing Microtome

- Queckett

Front 134

For cutting serial sections of large block of Paraffin Embedded Tissues

Simplest Microtome

Paldwell Trefall

Back 134

Rocking (Cambrige) Microtome

Front 135

For cutting Paraffin Embedded Sections

Most Common Type

MINOT

Back 135

Rotary Microtome

Front 136

For cutting Celloidin embedded sections

ADAMS

Back 136

Sliding Microtome

Front 137

2 Types of Sliding Microtome:

Back 137

1. Base-sledge

- Hard Tx & Large Blocks

2. Standard Sliding

- More Dangerous

- Exposed Knife

Front 138

For cutting

unembedded frozen

sections

Queckett

Releases

CO2

that freezes the tx

Back 138

Freezing Microtome

Front 139

For cutting sections for EM

Cut sections at 0.5 Micra

Knife consists of Fragments of Broken Glass

Fixative: OSMIUM TETROXIDE

Embedding Medium: PLASTIC

Back 139

Ultrathin

Front 140

Recommended knife for cutting Paraffin embedded

sections on a

Rotary Microtome

Back 140

Biconcave Knife

Front 141

Recommended for Frozen Sections or cutting extremely large & tough specimens embedded in paraffin blocks, using a base-sledge type or sliding microtome

Back 141

Plane-wedge Knife

Front 142

Knives used for

Routine Microtomy

and

Cryotomy

Back 142

1. Steel Knives

2. Disposable Stainless steel blades

Front 143

Knives used for EM

Back 143

1. Diamond

2. Glass Knives

Front 144

Removal of Gross knicks on the knife, to remove blemishes, and grinding the cutting edge of the knife on stone to acquire even edge

EDGE FIRST

HEEL-TOE DIRECTION

Back 144

Honing (Sharpening)

Hint 144

Coarse Honing

- Removal of gross knicks

- To remove blemishes

Honing Proper

- Grinding the cutting edge of the knife on stone to acquire an even edge

Front 145

Stones used in Honing:

Back 145

1. Belgium Yellow

- Gives the Best result

2. Arkansas

3. Fine Carborundum

- Coarsest

Front 146

Removal of burr formed during honing and polishing of the cutting edge of the knife

EDGE LAST

TOE-HEEL DIRECTION

Back 146

Stropping (Polishing)

Hint 146

Paddle Strop

- Made up of Horse Leather

Front 147

Angle formed b/w the

cutting edges

of the knife

27-32 Deg Angle

Back 147

Bevel Angle

Front 148

Angle b/w the

cutting edge and the

tissue block

0-15 Deg Angle

Theortically perfect, opt cutting angle

15 Deg Angle

To prevent Uneven Sections

5-10 Deg Angle

Back 148

Clearance Angle

Front 149

Slides for Routine Work:

Back 149

1. 76 x 25 mm Slides

2. 1-1.2 mm Thick

3. Frosted

- Used where ID number of section can be inscribed with a pencil

Front 150

Microtome for Paraffin Sections

4-6 Micra

Back 150

1. Rotary

2. Rocking

Front 151

Microtome for

Celloidin Sections

10-15 Micra

Back 151

Sliding Microtome

Front 152

Floatation Water Bath:

Back 152

1. 45-50C

2. Approx 6-10C Lower than the Wax MP

3. Sections should not be left on water bath for long time,

30 Secs is enough to avoid undue expansion and distortion of tx

Front 153

Adhesives for Surgical Sections:

Back 153

1. Mayer's Egg Albumin

- Most Common

2. Dried Albumin

3. Gelatin

- Added to Float-out Bath

- Formaldehyde

4. Starch Paste

5. Plasma

6. Poly-L-lysine

- IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

7. APES

- Cytological Prep of Proteinaceous or Bloody Material

Front 154

Added to Mayer's Egg Albumin to prevent growth of molds

Back 154

Thymol Crystals

Front 155

Tissue is Soft when block is trimmed

Back 155

Incomplete Fixation

Front 156

Clearing Agent turns Milky

Back 156

Incomplete Dehydration

Front 157

Air Holes found on Tx during Trimming

Back 157

Incomplete Impregnation

Front 158

Uses of

Frozen Sections:

Back 158

1. Rapid Diagnosis during surgery

2. Enzyme Histochemistry

3. Demonstration of Lipids & CHO

4. Immunofluorescent and Immunocytochemical Staining

5. Some silver stains in Neuropathology

Front 159

2 Methods of Frozen Sections Prep:

Back 159

1. Cold Knife Procedure

2. Cryostat Procedure

Front 160

Cut sections at 4 Micra with ease

Freezes Tx w/in 2-3 Mins

Temp: - 5 to - 30C

Average: - 20C

Opt Working Temp is

- 18 to - 20 C

Microtome: Rotary

Back 160

Cryostat

(Cold Microtome)

Front 161

Freeze-drying:

Back 161

1. Quenching

- Rapid Freezing of Fresh Tissue

- - 160 to - 180C

2. Dessication

- Subsequently removing Ice water molecules

- - 30 to - 40C

3. Sublimation

- Physical process of transferring the still frozen tx block in a vacuum at higher temp

- - 40C

Front 162

Similar to Freeze Drying but Frozen Tx is Fixed in

1. Rossman's Fluid

2. 1% Acetone

Dehydrated in

Absolute Alcohol

Back 162

Freeze-substitution

Front 163

Process of giving color to the sections using simple aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

Methylene Blue

Eosin

Back 163

Direct Staining

Front 164

Process whereby action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent

Mordant

Back 164

Indirect Staining

Front 165

Serves as Link b/w the Tissue and the Dye

Back 165

Mordant

Front 166

Accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction

Not essential to the chemical union b/w tissue and dye

Back 166

Accentuator

Front 167

Process whereby tx elements are stained in a definite sequence and staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring the tx elements is attained

Back 167

Progressive Staining

Front 168

Tissue is first overstained and the excess stain is removed or decolorized

DIFFERENTIATION

Back 168

Regressive Staining

Front 169

Color shades are similar to the Dye itself

Back 169

Orthochromatic Staining

Front 170

Differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain

Back 170

Methachromatic Staining

Hint 170

1. Methyl Violet

2. Crystal Violet

3. Safranin

4. Bismarck Brown

5. Basic Fuchsin

6. Methylene Blue

7. Thionine

8. Azure A, B, C

Front 171

Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background

Back 171

Counterstaining

Front 172

Cytoplasmic Stains:

Back 172

1. Red

- Eosin Y, B

- Phloxine B

2. Yellow

- Picric Acid

- Orange G

- Rose Bengal

3. Green

- Light Green

- Lissmine Green

Front 173

Nuclear Stains:

Back 173

1. Red

- Neutral Red

- Safranin O

- Carmine

- Hematoxylin

2. Blue

- Methylene Blue

- Toluidine Blue

- Celestine Blue

Front 174

Staining of

Living Cells

Back 174

Vital Staining

Front 175

The Best Vital Dye

Back 175

Neutral Red

Front 176

Vital Dye Reco for

Mitochondria

Back 176

Janus Green

Front 177

Most common method of staining for microanatomical studies of tissues

Regressive Staining

All fixatives can be used exc Osmic Acid

Back 177

Hematoxilyn & Eosin Stain

Hint 177

Hematoxylin

- Primary Stain

- Basic Dye

- Nuclear Stain

- Nuclei: BLUE-BLUE BLACK

Eosin

- Secondary/Counterstain

- Acid Dye

- Cytoplasmic Stain

- Cytoplasm: PINK

Osmic Acid

- Inhibits Hematoxylin

Front 178

Natural Dyes:

Back 178

1. Hematoxylin

- Mexican Tree

- Logwood

2. Cochineal Dyes

- Cochineal Bug

3. Orcein

- Lichen

4. Saffron

Front 179

Synthetic Dyes

Include Chromophore & Auxochrome

Back 179

1. Coal Tar Dyes

2. Aniline Dyes (From Benzene)

Hint 179

Chromophore

- Coloring Property

- Capable of producing visible colors (Chromogens)

- Not permanent and easily removed

Auxochrome

- Dyeing Property

- Retains Color

Front 180

Hematoxylin Mordants:

Back 180

1. Alum

2. Iron

3. Copper

Front 181

Active Coloring Substance of Hematoxylin

Back 181

HEMATEIN

Front 182

Ripening Procedures:

Back 182

1. Natural Oxidation

2. Chemical Oxidation

- NA Iodate (Erlich's)

- Mercuric Oxide (Harris)

Front 183

Recommended for Progressive Staining but can also be used for regressive staining

Back 183

Alum Hematoxylin

Hint 183

1. Harris

2. Erlich's

Front 184

Used only for differential or Regressive Staining

Back 184

Iron Hematoxylin

Hint 184

1. Weigert's

2. Heidenhain's Solution

Front 185

Stain used for study of Spermatogenesis

Back 185

Copper Hematoxylin

Front 186

Stains for

Carbohydrates

(Glycogen)

Back 186

1. PAS

2. Best Carmine

3. Langhan's Iodine

Front 187

Stains for

Fats & Lipids

Back 187

1. Sudan III

2. Oil Red O

3. Osmic Acid (Unstable Oxide)

Front 188

Stains for

Proteins

Back 188

1. Alkaline Fast Green

- Basic Proteins

- Histones & Protamines

- Green

2. Peracetic Acid

- Cysteine and Cysteine

- Blue-Green

3. Sakaguchi

- Arginine

- Orange-Red

Front 189

Stains for

Nucleic Acids

Back 189

1. Feulgen

- DNA (Red Purple)

2. Methyl Green-Pyronin

- DNA (Green/Blue-Green)

- RNA (Rose-Red)

3. Acridine Orange

- DNA (Yellow-Green)

- RNA (Brick to Orange-Red)

4. Acriflavine

- DNA (Fluorescent Yellow)

Hint 189

FAMA

Front 190

Stains for

Collagen

Back 190

1. Van Gieson

2. Masson's Trichrome Stain

3. Mallory's Aniline Blue

4. Azocarmine

5. Kraijan's Aniline Blue

Front 191

Stains for

Elastic Fibers

Back 191

1. Weigert's

2. Taenzer-Unna Orcein

3. Verhoeff's

4. Gomori's Aldehyde-Fuchsin

5. Kraijan's Method

Front 192

Stain for

Reticulin Fibers

Back 192

Gomori's Silver Impreg Stain

Front 193

Stains for

Basement Membrane

Back 193

1. PAS

2. AZOCARMINE

Front 194

Stains for

Muscle Striations

Back 194

1. Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

2. Heidenhain's Iron Hematoxylin

Front 195

Stain for

Melanin & Argentaffin Granules

Back 195

Masson Fontana

Hint 195

Black

Front 196

Stain for

Calcium

Back 196

Von Kossa

Hint 196

Calcium Salt Black

Front 197

Stains for

Spirochetes

Back 197

1. Levaditi

2. Warthin-Starry

3. Modified Steiner

4. Diterle

- Also for Legionella

Front 198

Removal of

Formaldehyde Deposits

Fine, Dark-brown or Black Crystal-like Precipitates

Back 198

1. From Absolute Alcohol to

2. Saturated Sol'n of Alcoholic Picric Acid

3. Washed in Absolute Alcohol

Front 199

Removal of

Mercuric Chloride Deposits

Black, brown or grayish black granules

Rarely seen in Heidenhain's Susa

Back 199

1. Alcoholic Iodine

2. Then NA Thiosulfate

3. Then wash in Running Water

Front 200

Removal of

Osmic Tetroxide Deposits

Black Deposits on Tissue

Back 200

Bleaching

Hint 200

1. Hydrogen Peroxide

2. K Permanganate

Front 201

Protects the stained section from getting scratched, and from bleaching or deterioration due to oxidation thereby preserving the slides for permanent keeping, to facilitate easy handling & storage

Back 201

Mounting

Front 202

To avoid distortion of the image the refractive index of the mountant should be as near as possible to that of the glass which is

Back 202

1.518

Front 203

Designed to mount water-miscible preparations directly from water in cases where the stain is removed or decolorized with alcohol or Xylene

Back 203

Aqueous Mounting Media

Hint 203

1. Water

2. Glycerin Jelly

3. Farrant's Medium

4. Apathy's Medium

5. Brun's Fluid

- For mounting Frozen sections from water

Front 204

Used for preparations that have been cleared in Xylene or Toluene

Reco for majority of staining methods

Back 204

Resinous Mounting Media

Hint 204

1. Canada Balsam

- Abus balsamea

2. DPX

3. Xam

4. Clarite

5. Permount

6. HSR (Harleco Synthetic Resin)

7. Clearmount

Front 205

Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent the escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation or mountant, to immoblize the coverslip and to prevent sticking of the slides upon storage

Back 205

Ringing

Hint 205

1. Kronig Cement

- 2 Parts of paraffin mixed with 4-9 Parts Colophonium Resin

2. Cellulose Adhesive such as Durofix

Front 206

If smears cannot be made immediately collected material is placed in

Back 206

1. 50% Alcohol for all types of effusion

2. Saccomano Preservative

- 50% Alcohol & Carbowax

Hint 206

Fix Smears Immediately

Front 207

Specimen is more than a few drops fluid should be centrifuged at

Back 207

2,000 RPM for

2 mins

Front 208

Best fixative for Cytology

Back 208

Ether - Alcohol

Hint 208

Ether

- Volatile & Flammable

Front 209

Routine Fixative for Cytology

Back 209

95% Ethyl Alcohol

Front 210

Prevents the slide from sticking together in a fixative

Back 210

PAPER CLIPS

Front 211

Gynelogic Specimens:

Back 211

1. Sampling of the

T (Transformation) Zone

is important for detection of Dysplasia & Carcinoma of the Cervix

2. Optimal Sample should include Squamous, Columnar & Metaplastic Cells

Front 212

Vaginal Hormonal Cytology:

Back 212

1. LPO

- Assess quality of the smear & staining

- Detects presence of RBCs & WBCs and the type of Exfoliated Cells

- Give rough assessment of the proportion of mature superficial pyknotic acidophilic cells

2. HPO

- Quantitative Evaluation of the Smear

Hint 212

Estrogen Effect

- Inc Superficial Cells

Progesterone Effect

- Inc Intermediate Cells

PIES

Front 213

Respiratory Specimens:

Back 213

1. Sputum

2. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)

3. Bronchial Washing (BW)

4. Brochial Brushing (BB)

Front 214

Sputum Collection:

Back 214

1. Atleast 3 consecutive morning specimens

2. Collect early morning sputum in deep cough in a wide mouthed jar containing

Saccomanno's Fluid

Hint 214

Sacommano's Fluid

- 50% Alcohol

- 2% Carbowax

Front 215

Urinary Tract Specimen:

Back 215

1. Atleast 50 ml is needed, which must be centrifuged

2. Delay in transpo, Ref is reco

3. Voided Urine (2nd Urine is preffered)

4. Catheterized Urine

5. Washings from Bladder or Renal Pelvis

Front 216

Gastrointestinal Specimens:

Back 216

1. Gastric Lavage

2. Gastric Brush

3. FNA for Submucosal Lesions

Front 217

Smears of Gastric Secretions & Aspirates:

Back 217

1. Ps should have fasted for at least

8 Hrs before gastric washing is performed

2. Smears ate usually collected by simple irrigation and aspiration techniques

3. Examined ASAP, any delay of more than 30 mins before fixation will digest the cells and make the specimen unsatisfactory for evaluation

Front 218

Jelly-like clots formed after removal of Peritoneal, Pleural, & Pericardial fluid may be prevented by

Back 218

1. Adding 300 Units of

HEPARIN/100 mL aspirate

2. Heparinized Containers

Front 219

Cell Suspensions

Received as a result of direct taps of pleural or peritoneal effusions, CSF and Synovial Fluid

Back 219

1. Optimum amount is 20-30 ml

2. Cells remain viable for up to 4

Days if refrigerated (4C)

3. DO NOTE FREEZE

4. Centrifugation

- Standard technique for conc of cells required in Urine, Serous Fluids & Watery Lavages (BAL)

Front 220

Prep of Cytospin Slides:

Back 220

1. Centrifuged ASAP at

1000 RPM for 1 Min

2. Supernatant fluid is removed

3. Smear made from the sediment

4. Smears can't be prep immediately, sediment should be covered w/ Absolute Alcohol & placed in Ref

Front 221

Smears of Breast Secretion:

Back 221

1. Spontaneous nipple discharge is usually a result of hormonal imbalance (endocrine) in young ps

2. When the secretion is bloody a benign intraductual papilloma should be considered

3. Major value of cytologic examination of nipple discharge is potential detection of malignant cells in ps with clinically undetected carcinoma

Front 222

Simple, safe and rapid cytologic technique

Replaced the use of tissue core biopsy in many clinical conditions

Back 222

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

Front 223

Needle Gauge for FNA Technique for Palpable Masses:

1. Breast

2. Thyroid

3. Soft Tissue

4. Lymph Nodes

Back 223

22-23 Gauge

Hint 223

Usually done by clinicians, or in some centers by pathologists

Front 224

FNA Technique for Non-Palpable Masses:

Deeply Seated Lesions

1. Lung

2. Mediastinum

3. Abdominal Organs (Liver, Pancreas)

4. Retroperitoneal Organs (Kidney, Adrenal & Lymph Nodes

Aspirated Under:

Back 224

1. Fluoroscopy

2. Laproscopy

3. Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)

4. Ultrasound (Sonography)

5. Any appropriate Radiologic Technique

Front 225

Staining method of choice for Exfoliative Cytology:

Back 225

Papanicolau's Stain (PAP's)

Front 226

3 Stains in PAP's:

Back 226

1. Hematoxylin

- Stains the Nucleus

2. Orange Green (OG6)

- Stains the cytoplasm of mature cells (Superficial Cells)

3. Eosin Azure (36/50/65)

- Stains the cytoplasm of Immature Cells (Parabasal & Intermediate Cells)

Hint 226

Components of EA:

1. Light Green SF

2. Bismarck Brown

3. Eosin Y

4. Phosphotungstic Acid

5. Lithium Carbonate

Front 227

Routinely used for ID of specific or highly selective cellular epitopes or antigens in frozen or paraffin embedded tissues

Back 227

Immunohistochemical Techniques

Front 228

Tissue for Immunohistochemistry Prep:

Back 228

1. Prepared as cryostat section

2. Fixed for a Few Secs in

Absolute Methanol or Acetone to preserve immunological acitivity and prevent destruction of some of the labile antigenic sites

3. Immunofluorescence & Immunoperoxidase may also be done on formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded sections

Front 229

Immunohistochemistry Techniques:

Back 229

1. Direct

2. Indirect

3. Peroxidase - Antiperoxidase (PAP)

4. Avidin - Biotin Complex (BAC)

5. Labeled Streptavidin Avidin Biotin (LSAB)

6. Direct Immunofluorescence for solid tissue biopsies

7. Indirect Immunofluorescence

Front 230

Conjugate the primary antibody directly to the label such as fluorochrome or horseradish peroxidase

Back 230

Direct Technique

Front 231

2 or 3 step procedure that involves application of unconjugated primary antibody, followed by a label antibody directed against the first antibody

Back 231

Indirect Technique

Front 232

Indirect Ab Enzyme-Complex technique where the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex is bound to unconjugated primary ab (Rabbit anti-human IgG) by a second layer of bridging ab usually a swine anti-rabbit ab that then binds to both the primary ab and the rabbit pap complex

Back 232

Peroxidase-

Antiperoxidase

(PAP)

Technique

Front 233

Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) Technique:

Back 233

1. Avidin (Egg White)

- Marked affinity for Biotin

2. Biotin

- Low MW vitamin that can be easily conjugated to abs and enzyme markers

3. Basic Staining consists of

- Primary Ab

- Biotinylated Secondary Ab

4. Followed by

- Preformed (Srept) avidin-biotin-enzyme complex of the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) technique

- Enzyme Labeled Streptavidin

Front 234

4-8 Times more sensitive than old ABC method

1. Staining Sequence consists of

- Primary rabbit (or mouse) ab

- Biotinylated anti-rabbit (or anti-mouse) Ig

- Streptavidin-enzyme Conjugate

2. The Color reaction is then developed w/ approp substrate or chromogen, such as horseradish peroxidase

Back 234

Labeled

Streptavidin

Avidin

Biotin (LSAB) Technique

Front 235

Tissue is reacted w/ fluorescein-conjugated ab specific for the material being sought within the tissue

Back 235

Direct Immunofluorescence for Solid Tissue Biopsies

Front 236

Mainly used for detection of autoantibodies in the ps serum including the anti-nuclear ab (ANA), anti-mitochondrial ab (AMA) & Liver-Kidney Microsomal Ab

Back 236

Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique

Front 237

Most widely used enzyme for Labeling

Back 237

Horseradish Peroxidase

Front 238

Chromogen for Peroxidases

RED COLOR

Back 238

Aminoethylcarbazol (AEC)

Front 239

Most common Chromogen for Peroxidases

BROWN COLOR

Back 239

Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

Front 240

Microwave Staining:

Back 240

1. Metallic Stain

- 75-95C

2. Nonmetallic

- 55-60C

3. Immumohistochem

- 37C

Front 241

Benign Tumors arising from

Glands

Back 241

Adenomas

Front 242

Benign Tumors from

Epithelial Surfaces

Back 242

Polyps or Papillomas

Front 243

Malignant Tumor of

Epithelial Origin

Back 243

Carcinoma

Hint 243

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

- Arising from squamous epithelium (Esophagus, Lung)

2. Adenocarcinoma

- Arising from Glandular Epithelium (Stomach, colon, pancreas)

3. Transitional Cell Carcinomas

- Arising from Transitional Epithelium in the Urinary System

Front 244

Malignant tumor of Connective Tissue

(Mesenchymal Origin)

Back 244

Sarcoma

Front 245

Reporting for Diagnosis of Cancer:

Back 245

1. Class I

- Absence atypical or abnormal cells

2. Class II

- Atypical Cytological Picture but no evidence of Malignancy

3. Class III

- Cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy

4. Class IV

- Cytologic picture strongly suggestive of malignancy

5. Class V

- Cytologic picture conclusive of malignancy

Front 246

Progressive Changes:

Back 246

1. Hypertrophy

- True Hypertrophy

- False Hypertrophy

- Compensatory Hypertrophy

2. Hyperplasia

- Physiologic Hyperplasia

- Pathological Hyperplasia

Front 247

Increase in Size of tissues or organs due to increase in the size of the individual cells

Back 247

Hypertrophy

Front 248

Hypertrophy usually observed in the

1. Skeletal muscles

2. Heart

3. Kidney

4. Endocrine organs

5. Smooth muscles or hollow viscera

Due to increased work load and endocrine stimulation (Excercise, Pregnancy)

Back 248

True Hypertrophy

Front 249

Hypertrophy due to edema fluid & connective tissue proliferation

Back 249

False Hypertrophy

Front 250

Hypertrophy that involves one of the paired organs when the other opposite organ has been removed or suffered from functional Insufficiency

Back 250

Compensatory Hypertrophy

Front 251

Increase in Size of an organ or tissue due to Increase in the Number of cells resulting from growth of new cells

Back 251

Hyperplasia

Front 252

Occuring as a natural phenomenon

Hyperplasia or Hypertrophy of the Uterus during Pregnancy

Back 252

Physiologic Hyperplasia

Front 253

Hyperplasia brought about by disease

Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles & Peyer's Patches of the intestines in Typhoid Fever

Back 253

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Front 254

Retrogressive Changes:

Back 254

1. Aplasia

2. Hypoplasia

3. Agenesia

4. Atresia

5. Atrophy

Front 255

Incomplete or defective dev't of a tissue or organ, represented only by a mass of fatty or fibrous tissue, bearing no resemblance to the adult structure

Most commonly seen in one of the paired structures such as

1. Kidneys

2. Gonads

3. Adrenals

Back 255

Aplasia

Front 256

Failure of an organ to reach or achieve its full mature or adult side due to incomplete dev't

Back 256

Hypoplasia

Front 257

Complete

non-appearance

of an Organ

Back 257

Agenesia

Front 258

Failure of an organ to

form an opening

Back 258

Atresia

Front 259

Acquired decrease in size of a normally developed or mature tissue or organ resulting from reduction in cell size or decrease in total number of cells or both

Back 259

Atrophy

Front 260

Degenerative Changes:

Back 260

1. Metaplasia

2. Dysplasia

3. Anaplasia

4. Neoplasia

Front 261

Reversible change involving the transformation in one type of adult cell to another

Back 261

Metaplasia

Front 262

Regressive alteration in adult cells manifests by variation in size, shape, and orientation, assoc w/ chronic inflammation and protracted irritation

Back 262

Dysplasia

Front 263

Marked regressive change in adult cells towards more primitive or embryonic cell types, utilized as a criterion toward malignancy

Back 263

Anaplasia

(Dedifferentiation)

Front 264

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control

Repesents a pathologic overgrowth of the tissue

Back 264

Neoplasia (Tumor)

Front 265

Types of Necrosis:

Back 265

1. Coagulation Necrosis

2. Liquefaction Necrosis

3. Fat Necrosis

4. Caseous Necrosis

5. Gangrenous Necrosis

Front 266

Consist of more or less rapid coagulation of the cytoplasm probably brought about by the intracellular enzymes set free on the death of the cells

Most commonly encountered when the arterial supply is cut off producing Anemic or Ischemic Infarction

Back 266

Coagulation Necrosis

Front 267

Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells with complete destruction of the entire cell

Most commonly encountered in the Brain

Also in all tissues in Bacterial Infections which lead to the formation of Pus

Back 267

Liquefaction Necrosis (Colliquative)

Front 268

Peculiar destruction of adipose tissue, particularly found in

Pancreatic Degenerations

Back 268

Fat Necrosis

Front 269

Special form of cell death by the Tubercle Bacillus

The destroyed cells are converted into a granular, friable mass made up of a mixture of coagulated protein and fat, w/ total loss of cell detail

In Gross state, necrotic tissue has the appearance of

Soft, Friable Cheese

Back 269

Caseous Necrosis

Front 270

Massive death or Necrosis of Tissue

Caused by a combination of Ischemia & Superimposed Bacterial Infection

Necrosis + Putrefaction

Back 270

Gangrenous Necrosis

Front 271

Nuclear Changes in Necrosis:

Back 271

1. Pyknosis

- Reduction in size and condensation of the nuclear material

2. Karyorrhexis

- Fragmentation

3. Karyolysis

- Dissolution

Front 272

Cytoplasmic Changes in Necrosis:

Back 272

1. Cell may appear Larger & Granular (CLOUDY SWELLING)

2. Later becoming more acidophilic, dense & opaque

3. Cell boundary is Lost, w/ granular coagulation & fragmentation, w/ appearance of Fat Droplets in the Necrotic Cytoplasm

Front 273

Primary Changes or Signs of Death:

Back 273

1. Circulatory Failure

2. Respiratory Failure

3. Nervous Failure

Front 274

Secondary Signs of Death:

Back 274

1. Algor Mortis

2. Rigor Mortis

3. Livor Mortis

4. Postmortem Clotting

5. Desiccation

6. Putrefaction

7. Autolysis

Front 275

First demonstrable change

Cooling of the body occuring at a definite rate of about 7F/Hr

Back 275

Algor Mortis

Front 276

Rigidity or Stiffening of the muscles occuring about

6-12 Hrs

after death and persisting for

3-4 Days

Back 276

Rigor Mortis

Front 277

Purplish

discoloration of the body

Back 277

Livor Mortis

Front 278

Occurs immediately after death, rubbery consistency

Back 278

Postmortem Clot

Hint 278

Antemortem Clot

- Before Death

- Friable

Front 279

Drying and wrinkling of the cornea and anterior chamber of eye due to absorption of the aqueous humor

Back 279

Dessication

Front 280

Production of foul-smelling gases due to invasion in the tissue by saprophytic organism

Back 280

Putrefaction

Front 281

Self-digestion of Cells

Back 281

Autolysis