Hieu 201 Final

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Francesco Petrarch

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Influential Poet, biographer, and humanist who strongly advocated imitation of the literary and moral values of the leading Greek and Roman writers

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Renaissance

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A word that has come to define any period of intense creativity. In the case it refers specifically to a culture movement based on imitation classical culture

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Humanism

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Western Europe literary and cultural movement, which emphasized the superiority of Greek and Roman literature and especially its values of personal and public morality

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civic humanism

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an Ideology, popular with the political leaders of Florence, that emphasized Rome's classical republican virtues of duty and public service

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On the Donation of Constantine

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This work demonstrated that an important papal claim to political rule of central Italy was based on an eight-century forgery

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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A government functionary and political theorist in Florence whose most famous work, THE PRINCE, emphasized that the successful ruler must anticipate and adapt to change

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Linear perspective

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a revolutionary technique developed by early-fifteenth-century Florentine painters for representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional picture

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Leonardo da Vinci

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A famous painter, engineer, and scientist who rejected arguments and ideas based on imitation of the ancients. Rather, he advocated careful study of the natural world

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Sistine Chapel

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The chapel at the Vatican Palace containing Michelangelo's magnificent paintings of the Creation and Last Judgement; it captures the cultural, religious, and ideological program of the papacy

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Johann Gutenberg

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German inventor of movable metal type. His innovations led to the publication of the first printed book in Europe, the Gutenberg Bible, in the 1450s

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Thomas More

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Well-known humanist and chancellor of England under Henry VIII. His best-known work, UTOPIA, describes a fictional land of peace and harmony that has outlawed private property

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Desiderius Erasmus

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Prominent Dutch humanist who is best known for his satire "the Praise of Folly"

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Prince Henry "the Navigator"

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The prince who directed Portuguese exploration and colonization along the west coast of Africa

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Vasco De Gama

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Pioneering Portuguese trader whose voyage to East Africa and India began the four-hundred-year presence of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean

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trading-post empire

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a system developed by the Portuguese to allow them to use fortified naval bases to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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A treaty negotiated between Spain and Portugal dividing the newly explored lands in the New World and the Old. All New World lands except Brazil were given to the Spanish

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Ferdinand Magellan

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The Spanish explorer who established the routes by which ships could sail around the world

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Aztecs

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People who dominated the Valley of Mexico from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and whose empire was destroyed by Cortes

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Inca

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A mountain empire that flourished in Peru. It was conquered for Spain and Pizzaro

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Hernan Cortez

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The Spanish commander who conquered the Aztec Empire with a tiny force of Spaniards reinforced by numerous Indian allies

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Dona Marina

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An enslaved Mexica noblewoman who served as translator and guide for Cortez

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Council of Indies

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An administrative body established in 1524 to oversee commerce and administration in Spain's colonial possessions

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encomienda

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A royal protectorship granted with the obligation to protect and Christianize the people, Instead natives became virtual slaves

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Bartolome de Las Casas

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A former ecomendero and the fist bishop of Chiapas who passionately defended Indian rights and urged the passage of laws abolishing Indian Slavery

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Columbian Exchange

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A term used to describe the blending of cultures between the Old World and the New. Columbus and others who followed brought plants, animals, and diseases that transformed North and South America

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Martin Luther

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German theologian and religious reformer who began the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by questioning and finally discarding Catholic teaching about penance and salvation

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Justification by Faith

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Luther's doctrine that Christians can be saved only by grace, a free gift of God and independent of any penitential or charitable acts

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sola scriptura

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Luther's doctrine that all religious doctrines and authority had to be based on biblical teachings

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Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor and King Charles I of Spain. His empire included Spain, Italy, the Low Countries, Gernmany, and the New World

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Huldrych Zwingli

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Town preacher of Zurich and leading reformer in Switzerland and southwest Germany. He emphasized the role of the godly community in the process of individual salvation

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John Calvin

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A Franco-Swiss theologian whose "institutes of the Christian Religion" was the key text of Reformed theology. He stressed the absolute power of God.

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Anabaptists

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Radical reformers in Germany and Switzerland who emphasized that baptism should only be of adults and that Christians should separate themselves into communities of the "truly redeemed"

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Ausburg Confession

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Document written by Philipp Melanchthon that became the most widely accepted statement of the Lutheran faith

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Henry VIII

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King of England who broke with the church over the issue of his divorce. In the end Henry claimed that as king he was the head the Church of England

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Act of Supremacy

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Act of the English Parliament during the Protestant Revolution that finalized the break with the Catholic Church by declaring the king to be head of the Church of England. Henry VIII required a public oath supporting the act, which Sir Thomas More refused to take; More was then executed for treason

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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

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Religious group founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola; they were famed for their role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation

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Ignatius Loyola

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A Spanish nobleman and founder of the Society of Jesus. Loyola's order vowed absolute authority to the papacy

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Index of Prohibited Books

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A list of books banned by the Roman Catholic Church because of moral or doctrinal error. It was thought that this would inhibit the spread of Protestant ideas.

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Council of Trent

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An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church called to both respond to the Protestant challenge and institute reforms in the Catholic Church. Its decrees established for basic tenets of Roman Catholicism for the next four hundred years

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Philip II

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King of Spain (r. 1556-1598), son of Charles V who ruled Spain at the height of its influence

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Armada

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massive fleet of Spanish warships went against England by Philip II but defeated by the English navy and bad weather in 1588. The tactics used by the English helped set the future course of naval warfare

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Huguenots

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French Protestants, followers of the teachings of John Calvin

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Edict of Nantes

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1598 edict of Henry IV granting France's Protestants (Huguenots) the right to practice their faith and maintain defensive garrisons

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Elizabeth I

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Able and long-lived ruler who firmly established Protestantism in England and defended the nation against the Spanish Armada, but who bequeathed financial, religious, and political problems to her successors

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Puritans

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Radical Protestants in late-sixteenth -- and seventeenth --century England who became a majority in Parliament during the reign of Charles I and led opposition to the king

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Thirty Years' War

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Destructive War (1618--1648) involving most European countries fought in Germany, resulting from religious tensions, regionalism versus centralizing forces, and dynastic and strategic rivalries between rulers

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Peace of Westphalia

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Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The principalities within the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually autonomous, severely weakening the power of the emperor

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Ivan IV "The Terrible"

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First Russian ruler routinely to use the title "tsar" (Russian for Czar), he presided over the expansion and centralization of the Russian state from 1533 to 1584

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price revolution

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Steady rise in prices in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, resulting from population growth and the importation of precious metals from Spain's New World territories

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gentry

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Class of wealthy, educated, and socially ambitious families in western Europe, especially England, whose political and economic power was greatly enhanced during the sixteenth century

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baroque

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Style of European art and architecture popular from the late sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries. Baroque art modified Renaissance techniques, adding dynamism and emotional energy, which resulted in works that were both impressively grand and emotionally engaging