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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imperialism
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the policy of extending a nations authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over weaker nations
(strong taking over the weak) |
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New Imperialism
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late 19th cent. imperialism
intertwined w/ industrial rev, nationalism, social darwinism |
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Ancient African Kingdoms
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along Niger river- West African kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, Songhai they are all sustained by salt from the north and gold from the south (salt-gold trade) |
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Berlin Conference
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designed to bring Europeans together and in an organized matter divide up Africa
(no Africans invited, Bismarck presided over it) |
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Scramble for Africa
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every place in Africa is taken over
Britain takes the most important land (from Capetown to Cairo) |
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Moghul Dynasty
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Muslim Indian Dynasty
Akbar the Great- tolerable succeeded by Aurangzeb- intolerable imposed second class citizenship on Hindus |
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Sepoy Mutiny
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*Indian soldiers (sepoys) against the British
sparked by a rumor cause: British aciting very superior-->Sepoys rebel Sepoys fail ultimately |
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Raj
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created by Britain to control India- a government
head of Raj=viceroy tried to incorporate westernized Indians in it, but no equality for the Indians (--->opposition to British) |
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Opium Wars
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Britain vs. China
Britain traded Opium w/China for silk, tea even though Chinese gov. forbade importing of Opium Canton=only port Europe could trade with C destroys Opium-->B reacts w/ war and Brits win |
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extraterritoriality
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part of Treaty of Nanking (ended the Opium Wars in China)
foreigners are not allowed to be tried under Chinese laws- Britain could basically do whatever they want |
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Boxer Rebellion
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(China) believed theyre ninjas, go after Christian Chinese and foreign diplomats
-->Europeans form international army and suppress the Boxer Rebel. rebellion secretly supported by empress Cixi |
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Meiji Restoration
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Japanese reformers overthrow the shogunate, and the Meiji (emperor) got the real power to set up the parliament called Diet
*westernization of Japan industrial, imperial society |
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before the Russo-Japanese War
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after Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan pissed b/c had to give up Liaotung Peninsula- esp. mad @ Russia
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Russo-Japanese War
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Russia wanted part of Korea that Japan wanted too
-->Japanese strike at major Port Arthur of Russia J defeat R @ Battle of Tsushima JAPAN WINS (europeans defeated by non-europeans) |
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Dual Alliance
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road to WWI
Bismarck (Germany) sets up secret alliance w/ Austria (the rider controls the horse) |
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Triple Alliance
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one of Bismarck's alliance
Italy joins Dual alliance (Germany and Austria) Austria and Italy promise not to attack Bismarck |
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William II
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comes to German throne and dismisses Bismarck, sought a "place in the sun" for Germany, weltpolitik=world political ambitions, does not renew the reinsurance treaty w/Russia
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Reinsurance Treaty
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Bismarck's treaty
Germany and Russia key was to isolate France they will stay out of each other's way stopped by William II--> Franco-Russian alliance against Germany |
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War in the Balkans
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road to WWI
Balkan powers ally and beat the Ottomans--> turn on each other |
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Serbia
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road to WWI is in Albania- created a conflict- Austria want Serbs to get outta there and threaten war
Russia supports Serbs Britain calls for conference- Serbs left Albania |
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Francis Ferdinand
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archduke of Austria
assassinated by Black Hand (Bosnian Serbians) moderate man though, so surprising the Serbs killed him- he was friendly towards them -->assassination leads to world outrage= triggers WWI |
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The Allies
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WWI
Britain, France, Russia (later joined by Italy and US) (Russia dropped out in 1917 b/c of Communist Rev) |
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Central Powers
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
(later joined by Bulgaria) |
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Von Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's plan- WWI
go through Belgium as fast as possible right wing force= very stronge left wing=purposely weak so France thought they were vulnerable, then hit French from behind *but miscalculated Von Moltke carried out plan wrong |
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Battle of Marne
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WWI
shows it's gonna be a hella bloody war |
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Battle of Tannenberg
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WWI
Russians defeated by Germans |
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Gallipoli Campaign
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led by Brit- Winston Churchill
try to get the Dardenelles but unsucessful wanted to do it to break the stalemate in the western front |
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Battle of the Somme
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WWI
British fire millions of shells one after another @ Germans- weakened "over the top"- get out of German trenches and Germans mowed down by Brits while exiting the trenches |
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Battle of Jutland
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(no result really though)
Brit use Blockade, so Germans use submarine warfare |
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President Woodrow Wilson
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"I kept America out of the War"
WWI- tried to negotiate peace btw Brits and Germans but US brought into the war idealist, quixotic- he could join the French+Brit when Russia was out of the war his goal=to make the world safe for democracy |
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2nd Battle of the Marne
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US brought into WWI after Russians withdrew and Germans resume sub. warfare w/o warning
Germans go all out at the battle agains the French+Brit, but Germans can't expel them |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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1917- WWI
Russia gives up tons of land to the Germans Russia officially out of the war now Germans don't have a 2 front war- eastern front is gone |
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Wilson's 14 Points
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"war to end all wars"- WWI
reengineer social harmony- give rather quite fair peace terms to Germany establishment of league of nations self-determination= people speaking same language should be same nation |
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Treaty of Versailles
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ended WWI
treaty btw Allies and Germany Big Four: Wilson (US), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Brit), Orlando (Italy-but leaves b/c didn'g get Italia Irrendta) |
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League of Nations
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Result of WWI
meant to keep the peace and stamp out any aggressor nations- but there wasn't an army Soviet Union, Germany, and US not in it (even though Wilson founded it) |
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Social Democrats
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marxists- group in Russia btw the World wars
Bolsheviks=left wing Mensheviks=right wing both subverted marxist ideas |
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Bolsheviks
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left wing of Social Democrats
create the inevitable, it does not come spontaneously- need a vangaurd (active) dual revolution (w/peasants) do not cooperate w/non-marx. LENIN |
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Mensheviks
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scientific marx.-classless rev. is inevitable, don't need to act on it (passive)
until the rev. comes, cooperate w/non-marxists groups |
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United Nations
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Founded to promote international peace & cooperation
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Marshall Plan
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-U.S. aids Greece and Turkey
-European Recovery Program = Economic aid to European states -Work together for mutual benefit -Restored prosperity to W. Europe |
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Iron Curtain
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Declared by Churchill - Divide a free and democratic west from a totalitarian east
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Truman Doctrine
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Support for the free people who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures
-Issued by U.S. after Brits |
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Containment
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Resistance of Western Europe & Americans to Soviet communist plans for subversion and expansion
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"stab in the back"
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after Treaty of Versailles and WWI, Germans feel like they were stabbed in the back by the Allies and their own gov.- for agreeing to the peace terms
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Lenin
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communist
overthrows Kerensky's provisional gov. in Russia in Bolshevik Revolution-->takes over Russia |
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soviets
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councils of workers and soldiers who wanted Marxism in Russia
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Bolshevik Revolution
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Lenin overthrows Kerensky's gov and takes over Russia
his partner=Trotsky -->civil war in Russia- Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (all other Russians) but Reds win |
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Cheka
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secret police of the Reds in Russia
Reds=communists, Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky |
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
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W. Europe - Mutual assistance if any countries attacked
-1st time U.S. defend allies outside of Western Hemi |
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Warsaw Pact
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E. Europe - States formed COMECON (Under direct Soviet domination)
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Berlin Blockade/Berlin Airlift
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Soviets feared new currency (Euro) in West -> blockade Berlin from West Germany
-West airlifted supplies to Berlin West = German Federal Republic East = German Democratic Republic |
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Korean War
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N. Korea (Soviet) invaded S. Korea (U.S.)
-U.S. want to contain spread of communism -Eisenhower ends -> restores border |
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3 Crises - POLAND
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Gomulka (Pole leader) accepted by Soviets
-Want independence |
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NEP
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New Economic Policy created by Lenin
"strategic retreat"- institutes limited capitalism but not successful-peasants who made some money didn't have anything to purchase |
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Kerensky
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after Tsar Nicholas II steps down, K sets up provisional gov. in Russia- he continues the war effort, but is later overthrown by Lenin
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Black Shirt March (March on Rome)
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Italy
Musso imposes his will on the shaky gov and ppl follow him King Victor Emmanuel III could have stopped him, but didn't and appoints Musso prime minister |
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Mussolini
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fascist- Italy- El duce
appointed prime minister by VEIII "black shirts" leads Black shirt march dictatorial power for a year Latern accord w/ the Church |
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Lateran Accord
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Musso makes an accord w/ the Pope and Catholic Church
alliance of convenience- propped up Musso's power Catholocism=official religion of Italy now |
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Totalitarianism
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gov. has total authority over everything- everyone has to comply
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Trotsky
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(left- compared to Stalin)
Bolshevik- Lenin's Partner during Bolshevik Rev didn't like NEP, rapid indust, collectivize agriculture, international communism but Stalin kills him |
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Stalin
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after Lenin dies, fights Trotsky for power (right)
not fast indust, communism in own nation, methodical, exiles and kills Trotsky |
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3 Crises - SUEZ
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Nasser (Egypt) nationalized Egyptian control of Suez Canal -> war btw Egypt (USSR) and Israel (F&B)
-w/o help from US, west nations couldn't win |
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3 Crises - HUNGARY
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Nagy (Hung.) wanted independence and withdrew from Warsaw Pact -> Soviets angry -> invade Hungary depose Nagy
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Nasser
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-President of Egypt
-Nationalized Suez Canal -Aided by Soviet Union |
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Khrushchev
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-Communist leader of USSR
-Gave secret speech against Stalin |
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Secret Speech of 1956
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-Khrushchev attacks Stalin policies as crimes
-Retreat from Stalinist ways for other countries |
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Berlin Wall
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-E. germans going into free W. Germany -> USSR made wall between E. Berlin and W. Berlin to stop cross over -> US more committed to West
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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USSR caught w/missiles pointing at US in Cuba -> US blockaded Cuba -> USSR removed missiles and made nuclear test ban treaty with US
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Detente
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Under president Nixon, US made agreements on trade and reduced strategic arms w/USSR
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Brezhnev
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-Communist leader in USSR
-more repression -Brezhnev Doctrine |
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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USSr can interfere in domestic policies of other communist countries
-prevent any liberation in E. Europe |
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Treaty of Rapallo
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Inter-war years
Russia and Germany establish diplomatic relations and economic transference- Germans train some of the Bolsheviks in Red Army |
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French invasion of the Ruhr Valley
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France invades and says we're gonna take your goods until you pay the reparations
Germans react w/passive resistance-->French withdraw and Germany pays |
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Weimar Republic
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in Germany- highly democratic
in btw WWI and WWII associated w/weakness and defeat (Treaty of Versailles) weak, article 48, -->inflation |
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Dawe's Plan
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inter-war years
Americans give billions of dollars to Germany to pay its reparations and helps their economy seems like international cooperation |
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Locarno Treaty
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France withdraws from Ruhr
Germany in league of Nations- Stressman=leader of it Stressman creates conciliatory foreign policy, but Germans deliberately do not recognize eastern front |
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Kellogg-Briand pact
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starts w/ France and Germany
outlawing war! |
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Lebensraum
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=living space
Hitler's idea Germans need to expand into Eastern Europe and have room to reproduce the volk |
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Nuremberg Laws
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part of persecution of Jews
stripped Jews of their German citizenship stark discrimination of Jews, Jews forced to wear yellow star, Jews start to leave |
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Kristallnacht
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start of hardcore persecution of Jews (precursor to Holocaust)
Nazis destroyed Jewish synagogues and businesses |
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Final Solution
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Holocaust
plan to kill all of the Jews planned at Wansee Conference- Heydrich responsible for it |
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Dubcek
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Leader of Czechoslovakia
Experimented w/liberal communism Expanded freedom of discussion -> USSR installed communist leaders |
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Gorbachev
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Different kind of communist leader
Perestroika = economic Glasnost = political Popular outside of country |
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Solidarity
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Poland workers
If the Soviets invaded then Reagan would put them down -> Soviets didn't need to invade - Poland put itself down |
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Yugoslavia
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Ruled by communist Tito
Slovenia breaks away -> Croatia wants to break away -> war ethnic cleansing -> NATO acts against Serbia -> Kosovo independence |
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Ethnic Cleansing
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Serbians take over and kill Muslims and Albanians when countries break away from Yugoslavia
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collectivization
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gov. compelled farmers to give up everything they had and give their grain to the city
*peasants are hit hard by it |
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5 year plans
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Stalin's plan to rapidly industrialize
successful- fully employed labor force |
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Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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Japan invades China before WWII
League of Nations tells Japan its bad=Lytton Report -->Japan says fine and leaves League of Nations |
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Italy invades Ethiopia
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Musso takes over Ethipoia
League of Nations reacts softly Brit. allow Italians to use Suez Canal which enable them to conquer Ethiopia |
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remilitarization of Rhineland
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road to WWII
Hitler decides to take over the Rhineland French hid behind Maginot Line, didn'tdo anything about it *appeasement |
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Spanish Civil War
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Popular Front (left wing) vs. Spanish Fascists- Francisco Franco (right wing)
Franco wins western democracies didn't get involved |
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Anschluss
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road to WWII
union btw Germany and Austria clear violation of Versailles treaty, but no one does anything |
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Neville Chamberlain
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appeasement
from Britain- says no to Hitler when asks for Sudetenland but then Munich Conference |
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Munich Conference
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road to WWII
symbolizes appeasement Hitler got everything he demanded for before- Chamberlain agreed H could have SLand b/c H said he would take nothing more (liar) |
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Road to WWII
btw Germany and Soviet Union (surprising!) pact made to split up Poland, alliance of convenience |
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Blitzkrieg
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Germany's all-out offensive at beginning of WWII
starts in the east moves into Poland, Pland falls, Russia gets Baltic states |
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Petain and Vichy France
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France falls after Battle of France in WWII- comes under rule of Petain- sets up a Nazi state in Vichy France
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Battle of Britain
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WWII
Winston Churchill- Britain Germans invade Brit, but Brit wins |
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Winston Churchill
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*anti-appeasement- not going to take any bait from Hitler
incredibly skillful, had an instrumental relationship w/ FDR- helps Brit stands up to Germany, inspires the free world against tyranny |
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Lend-Lease Act
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US's role before WWII helps Britain
US will lend weapons but then after the war give it back |
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Yeltsin
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Soviet Conservative (Left Prussian)
Wants faster reforms Overthroows Gorbe and takes over Good relations w/ West |
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Mao
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Main goal = collectivization
Chinese communist leader Launches Cultural Rev. |
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Great Leap Forward
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Modernize countryside
Improve peasant lives Progress in rural areas of China Failure -> Cultural Revolution |
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Nehru
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Leader of India
Democratic & Secular country No country religion |
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Jinnah
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Pakistan leader
Dictatorial Islam |
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Cultural Revolution
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Launched by Mao to get attention away from failed "Greeat Leap Forward"
Radicalization of Chinese societies |
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EEC (European Economic Community)
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Nations eliminate tariffs
Similar wage in all nations Free flow of capital & labor |
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European Union
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Unified currency = Euro
Renamed EEC after Treaty of Maastricht |
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Treaty of Maastricht
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EEC -> European Union
Decide on common currency = Euro |
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Moslem League
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Lead by Jinnah
World free of Brits |
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Operation Barbarossa
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WWII
Hitler attacks Russia but launched later b/c Musso screwed him when invaded Greece-->H had to help him |
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Battle of Midway
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turning point in WWII
US defeats Japan beginning of end of Japan -->US starts island hopping |
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Battle of Stalingrad
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bloodiest battle ever- WWII- turning point
Russians win, but w/huge losses-->momentum shifts toward Allies- Stalin wants 2nd front opened |
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D-Day
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Eisenhower- invade Normandy to attack German forces holding France
Operation Overlord= June 1944 Germans build Atlantic Wall France is liberated **Germany defeated |
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Fall of the 3rd Reich
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3rd Reich=Germany
when France is liberated Battle of Bulge- Germany's last defensive stand Germany loses, Hitler commits suicide= V-E Day |
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Manhattan Project/Atomic Bomb
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WWII- Final defeat of Japan- V-J Day= August 1945
Americans boms mainland Japan- Hiroshima and Nagasaki-->Japan surrendered |
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Yalta Conference
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conference during WWII
FDR accused of making stupid concessions- gives USSR eastern Europe w/democracy there Germany and Berlin split, but unclear |
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the Free French
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French gov in exile led by DeGaulle in WWII
helps to clean up communism in France |
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Charles DeGaulle
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French general from Battle of France in WWII- escaped to Great Britain and declared himself leader of Free French gov in exile
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United Nations (UN)
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organization founded in 1945 to promote international peace and cooperation
after WWII |
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China going "Red"
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Mao taking over in 1949 - China becoming communist
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Gandhi
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Believed caste system was evil
Heart of INC India needs to be independent |
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Nehru
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Leader of INC
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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Flees to Taiwan after Mao takes over China
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Kuomintang
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Nationalist party in China
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Solidarity
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Polish worker gather at Gdansk
Led by Lech Walesa |
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End of Detente
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Afghanistan invasion by USSR
Carter Doctrine - President Carter - Anything threatening in the Middle East and goes in - US will hit militarily |
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Syngman Rhee
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Anti-Communist, Authoritarian
Leader of South Korea against Northern communism |
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General Douglas MacArthur
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"American Shogun"
INCHON - Expells N. Korea from S. Korea Convinced Truman to go to N. Korea Fired by Truman for insubordination Get Philippines back |
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Kim il Sung
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Leader of communist N. Korea
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United Nations
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Security council of nations
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Potsdam Conference
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New Big 3 (Truman, Atlee and Stalin)
Heated tensions between Stalin and Truman Fought about Berlin Beginning of Cold War Truman pist Stalin didn't hold democratic elections |
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Yalta Conference
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Big 3 meet (Chruchill, Stalin, FDR)
Agreed USSR would go to war w/Japan FDR had good relations w/ Stalin |
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Origins of Cold War
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Bipolar world order
2 emerging world powers = US & USSR Ideological differences War of weapons and technology PROXY: allies w/both nations would fight - US and USSR fight indirectly |
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Partition of India/Pakistan
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim league) and INC (Ghandi and Nehru) fighting in India-->Mountbatten (last viceroy) knows partition is coming
Pakistan= no democracy, Islam, supports US in Cold War India= democracy, secular |
