Health Psychology Final

Front 1

Health psychologists are most likely to see health

Back 1

from a biopsychosocial viewpoint.

Front 2

The biomedical model of disease

Back 2

views pathogens as the causes of disease.

Front 3

In 1900, most deaths in the United States were caused by _____, whereas today most are due to _____.

Back 3

infectious diseases, chronic diseases

Front 4

In the United States, young people have a low mortality rate; those who die are most likely to die from

Back 4

unintentional injuries.

Front 5

People’s beliefs about health and illness may be incorrect. Which of these common beliefs is true?

Back 5

None of these is true.

Front 6

Rhona is a 32-year-old African American college professor. Gena is a 32-year-old Hispanic American engineer. Leah is a 32-year-old European American who has been unemployed for most of the past 10 years and living below the poverty level. Helen is a 32-year-old Asian American dentist. The woman most at risk for poor health is

Back 6

Leah.

Front 7

All of the following are factors in life expectancy except:

Back 7

mother's personality

Front 8

The training of health psychologists includes earning doctoral degrees.

Back 8

True

Front 9

Janelle, a health psychologist, could do any of the following tasks except

Back 9

design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat breast cancer.

Front 10

Young adults show the greatest reluctance to seek health care.

Back 10

True

Front 11

Although the term "disease" and "illness" are often used interchangeably, they have somewhat different meanings. Technically, disease refers to

Back 11

the process of physical damage.the experience of being sick.an existing, offical diagnosis.

Front 12

Who is most likely to seek health care?

Back 12

55-year-old women with a rapid heart beat

Front 13

In conceptualizing most diseases, people tend to

Back 13

none of these

Front 14

Poor people, in comparison to wealthy people, utilize health care ________, and when they do their illnesses are __________.

Back 14

less often; severe

Front 15

Maud has not been feeling well due to a sore throat. She has taken aspirin and spent most of the day in bed. Her actions would be defined as

Back 15

illness behavior.

Front 16

A comparison of male and female physicians showed that

Back 16

female physicians spend more time with each patient than male physicians.

Front 17

Which of these attitudes does NOT represent a health risk from failure to take prescription medicine according to directions?

Back 17

"If my medication makes me feel bad, I take it anyway."

Front 18

Dawson's dentist calls to remind him of his scheduled appointment in three days. When Dawson arrives at the dentist's office he is permitted to select a lottery ticket as a reward for keeping his appointment. From this information, it appears that Dawson's dentist is using an approach based on the _____ model of adherence.

Back 18

behavioral

Front 19

Educational approaches and behavioral approaches are about equally successful in improving compliance.

Back 19

False

Front 20

Which of these patient-practitioner interaction variables is the best predictor of a patient's compliance?

Back 20

physician who explains in detail the procedures that should be undertaken by the patient

Front 21

According to the transtheoretical model, relapse

Back 21

is possible from any stage as relapse is common and should be expected

Front 22

Compared with male physicians, female physicians

Back 22

ask more questions of patients.

Front 23

The reason that patients fail to be compliant is that

Back 23

any or all of these

Front 24

Which of these is LEAST consistent with current theories of compliance?

Back 24

punishment for noncompliant behavior

Front 25

For the past three years, Loran has been following his doctor's advice to cut down on his consumption of red meat and to eat more fruits and vegetables. With regard to protecting himself against heart disease, Loran is currently in which stage of the transtheoretical model?

Back 25

maintenance

Front 26

The personal belief that a treatment is ineffective or harmful

Back 26

decreases patient compliance.

Front 27

People's belief that they can control their environmental events is called self-efficacy.

Back 27

True

Front 28

According to research, which of these methods improves the rate of patient compliance by 50%?

Back 28

none of these

Front 29

Contrary to common sense, people with strong social support are less likely to adhere to medical advice.

Back 29

False

Front 30

A physician who is friendly and open in discussing medical advice with her patients will have patients who

Back 30

like her more and comply with her advice at a higher rate.

Front 31

Ordinarily, the LEAST severe cardiovascular disorder is

Back 31

angina pectoris

Front 32

Since 1960, death rates from cardiovascular disease have

Back 32

decreased dramatically

Front 33

The strongest inherent risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

Back 33

advancing age.

Front 34

Monica, a 50-year old married bus driver, is worried because her total cholesterol is 200. Monica's HDL is 60. Monica would worry less if she knew that

Back 34

her cholesterol profile is very good.

Front 35

An analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption in countries around the world indicated that

Back 35

people in developing countries eat more fruits and vegetables than is optimal for good health. wealthy people in industrialized countries eat an adequate amount of these foods, but poor people in industrialized countries do not.

Front 36

High social rank and status

Back 36

offer protection against cardiovascular disease.

Front 37

You are MOST at risk for heart disease if you

Back 37

are an unmarried man.

Front 38

Grace owns a large manufacturing firm. She is competitive, nearly always angry, and constantly in a hurry to get things done. Grace's greatest risk for heart disease is

Back 38

her anger.

Front 39

Brady is a 22-year old college student who smokes, eats high-fat foods, and doesn't exercise. Brady knows that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, yet he views his chances of dying of heart disease as near zero. Weinstein would call Brady's attitude

Back 39

optimistic bias.

Front 40

People who follow a cardiac rehabilitation program substantially lower their risk for a second heart attack.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Which of these hypothesis best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.?

Back 41

better treatment procedures

changes in lifestyle

Front 42

The factor LEAST likely to explain why people of different ethnic background have different rates of cancer deaths is

Back 42

biology.

Front 43

Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer?

Back 43

advancing age

Front 44

Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer. She wants to eat a diet that will protect her. Based on current research, what statement will have the biggest impact on her cancer risk?

Back 44

Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

Front 45

Kristy is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55. Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by

Back 45

doing all of these.

Front 46

Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often

Back 46

results in feelings of fear and anger.

Front 47

Psychologists' involvement in cancer has centered mostly on

Back 47

prevention and helping patients to cope with their illness.

Front 48

Metastasis refers to

Back 48

the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another.

Front 49

Taylor is a 38-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son. She smokes about 30 cigarettes per week and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week. Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64, Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer. Her best course of action would be to

Back 49

quit smoking.

Front 50

Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer’s disease?

Back 50

high educational level

Front 51

Although there is yet no cure for Alzheimer's disease and no sure way to prevent it, some behaviors may be effective in decreasing the risk for the disease. These include

Back 51

taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Front 52

Feelings of loss that Alzheimer’s caregivers experience often begin

Back 52

with the diagnosis.

Front 53

Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes?

Back 53

European Americans

Front 54

Health psychology's involvement with diabetes has included

Back 54

understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism. helping diabetics understand the requirements for managing diabetes.

Front 55

Which of the following statements is best supported by the research evidence?

Back 55

Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels.

Front 56

The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for

Back 56

gay men.

Front 57

When HIV positive women give birth to a child,

Back 57

use of antiretroviral drugs drastically reduces the chance of transmission to the baby.

Front 58

Both early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease have a genetic component.

Back 58

True

Front 59

People with intellectually challenging jobs are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.

Back 59

True

Front 60

Type 2 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.

Back 60

False

Front 61

The incidence of Type 2 diabetes is decreasing for children and adolescents.

Back 61

False

Front 62

Type 1 diabetes requires a special diet; Type 2 diabetes does not.

Back 62

False

Front 63

Obese individuals are two to three times more likely to have asthma than other people.

Back 63

True

Front 64

AIDS is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.

Back 64

False

Front 65

Advancing age is the leading risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's.

Back 65

True

Front 66

In the United States, people of this ethnic background have the highest rate of drinking.

Back 66

European Americans

Front 67

The highest rate of binge drinking in the United States is among

Back 67

young adults, 18 to 25 years of age.

Front 68

What effect does alcohol have on the cardiovascular system?

Back 68

It increases blood pressure in some individuals.

Front 69

Research continues to show that

Back 69

moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than heavy drinkers. moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers.

Front 70

The observation that people in different cultures have different beliefs about alcohol’s effects tends to support

Back 70

the social learning model.

Front 71

Relapse rates are

Back 71

about the same for smoking, alcohol abuse, and opiate use.

Front 72

The most commonly used illegal drug in the United States is

Back 72

marijuana.

Front 73

Women and men are not equally affected by drinking alcohol, and one factor in this difference is body weight.

Back 73

True

Front 74

About 70% of all motor vehicle fatalities are a result of alcohol-impaired driving.

Back 74

False

Front 75

_______ is the most widely consumed drug in the United States.

Back 75

Alcohol

Front 76

_______ is the most widely used drug among high school students.

Back 76

Marijuana

Front 77

When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, ________ has occurred.

Back 77

dependence

Front 78

Samuel has just taken an illegal drug that leaves him feeling relaxed, but it has the side effect of impairing his judgment and coordination. Samuel has most likely taken

Back 78

marijuana

Front 79

The most effective prevention programs for children and teens are programs that

Back 79

teach social skills.

Front 80

BethAnne has just taken a drug that leaves her feeling happy and pleasant, but the side effect is that it may affect the regulation of her body’s temperature. BethAnne has most likely taken

Back 80

Ecstasy

Front 81

The cognitive behavioral treatment for bulimia aims to

Back 81

change eating patterns.

prompt weight gain.

Front 82

Lisa frequently goes on an eating binge, but she never purges afterward. Lisa is about 40 pounds overweight. Lisa most likely has

Back 82

binge eating disorder.

Front 83

Bulimia is more likely to be fatal than anorexia.

Back 83

False

Front 84

The setpoint concept assumes that

Back 84

people have a kind of internal thermostat that regulates weight.

Front 85

Studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that

Back 85

genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution.

Front 86

Nelson enjoys tasty food, and he will eat food even when he isn't hungry, if he is fond of that type of food. This eating pattern is most consistent with the _____ model.

Back 86

positive incentive

Front 87

In general, the relationship between weight and poor health is

Back 87

U-shaped.

Front 88

Both low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets share one drawback:

Back 88

both produce high dropout rates.

Front 89

Anorexics

Back 89

see themselves as being too fat.

Front 90

The immediate aim of treatment programs for anorexics is usually

Back 90

weight restoration

Front 91

Unlike anorexics, bulimics

Back 91

frequently feel quilty over their eating patterns and are motivated to change.

Front 92

In a population of college women, bulimia would be more prevalent than anorexia.

Back 92

True

Front 93

Muscle dysmorphia is often referred to as reverse anorexia nervosa.

Back 93

True

Front 94

Common characteristics of individuals who suffer from muscle dysmorphia include

Back 94

belief they are underweight or below average in musculature.become distressed if they miss a workout session.constant mood swings and depression.

Front 95

A combination of emotional concern, instrumental aid, information, and appraisal best describes

Back 95

social support.

Front 96

A large international study of risk factors for heart attack showed that

Back 96

several types of stress were related to increased risk for heart attack.

Front 97

According to Lazarus,

Back 97

less vulnerable to stress than someone who saw the event as a threat.

Front 98

According to Richard Lazarus, people's perception of their ability to cope with a stressful event can diminish their feelings of stress.

Back 98

True

Front 99

Austin suffers from recurrent intrusive memories of his experiences as a fire fighter at the time of the World Trade Center attacks. He also has unpleasant dreams that replay some of these experiences. Austin is most likely suffering from

Back 99

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Front 100

Compared with people who have little reaction to stressful events, those who react with strong emotion are more likely to have cardiovascular disease.

Back 100

True

Front 101

In order for stress to cause illness, stress must affect physiological processes that produce illness. The most likely candidate for a mechanism is the _____ system.

Back 101

immune

Front 102

Life events and everyday hassles are two terms for similar sources of stress.

Back 102

False

Front 103

One criticism of Selye’s theory of stress is that it emphasizes the _____ factors but largely ignores the influence of _____ factors.

Back 103

physical, psychological

Front 104

People with a negative outlook and a tendency to ruminate over problems

Back 104

are at higher risk for depression than those with a more positive attitude

Front 105

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 105

occurs in one fourth to one third of individuals who have experienced cataclysmic events.

Front 106

Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues found that development of colds

Back 106

was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity.

Front 107

Stress has been considered as

Back 107

a stimulus. a response. the interaction between stimulus and response.

Front 108

The diathesis-stress model hypothesizes that

Back 108

some people are more inherently vulnerable to the effects of stress.

Front 109

The more workplace decisions a person must make each day, the more stress that person will experience.

Back 109

False

Front 110

The most reliable finding in the field of health psychology is that stress causes illnesses.

Back 110

False

Front 111

The second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is

Back 111

resistance.

Front 112

The type of stress that is most closely associated with headaches is

Back 112

daily hassles.

Front 113

Which of the following is NOT a common source of stress for women?

Back 113

having a husband who supports her career goals

Front 114

Which of the following is the best summary of the relationship between stress and psychological disorders?

Back 114

The relationship between stressful life experiences and the onset of psychological disorders is not strong.

Front 115

In the video "Stress, Portrait of a Killer" they state that stress is not a state of mind, it is something measurable and dangerous.

Back 115

True

Front 116

In the video "Stress, Portrait of a Killer" they state that the first related disease that was recognized by stress roughly 70 years ago was heart disease?

Back 116

False