Health Psychology Final

Front 1

What is the most common psychiatric illness

Back 1

Depression

1 out of have a lifetime risk

Front 2

What percent of depressed people develop health problems

Back 2

80%

Front 3

Depression disables more than

Back 3

other ailments

Front 4

What are 8 risk factors for depression?

Back 4

Lack of social support

Recent stressful life experience

Previous history of depression

Family history of depression

Lower socioeconomic status

Chronic Medical condition

Female sex

Advanced age

Front 5

Depression worsens physical disease -

Back 5

Morbidity and mortality

Front 6

Older Americans with severe depression are nearly..

Back 6

near as likely to die during a given period those without severe depression

Front 7

depressed people have elevated levels of

Back 7

Cortisol

This is problem for people with cushing's syndrom

Affects serotonin, norepinphrine and dopamine

Front 8

Depression is associated with the consumption of what? and a decrease in

Back 8

Alcohol and tobacco use

less physical activity and poorer sleep quality

Front 9

Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent the reuptake of...

Back 9

serotonin, thereby increasing the level of active serotonin in the brain

Front 10

Goal of cognitive psychology

Back 10

Alleviate depressive symptoms and prevent their recurrence by helping patients
- identify, test and reshape negative conditions about themselves, the world and their future

- develop new and more flexible cognitive patterns or schema that are alternatives to depressogenic ways of viewing life

- rehearse new cognitive and behavioral responses

Front 11

Hope/Optimism

Back 11

Positive expectation for the future

a belief that something is obtainable

Front 12

Hope vs. Denial

Back 12

Hope: attend to and build upon the positives in the situation

Denial - Try not to pay attention to the negatives in the situation

Front 13

Hope and optimism are

Back 13

future related emotions

Front 14

Agency

Back 14

"I energetically persue my goals"

"I've been pretty successful in life"

"I meet the goals I set for myself"

Front 15

Pathways

Back 15

I can think of many ways to get out of a jam

There are lots of ways around my problems

Front 16

Three deminsions of explanatory style

Back 16

Permance - temporary vs. permanent

Pervasiveness - specific vs. global

Personalization - internal vs. external

Front 17

Pessimistic people tend to attribute bad events to

Back 17

Permanent, global and internal causes

Front 18

Classic pessimist

Back 18

William Stanley Jevons

Front 19

Classic optimist

Back 19

Norman Vincent Peale

Front 20

OPtimists had faster recovery in

Back 20

coronary by-pass surgery

Front 21

Recovery from coronary by-pass

Back 21

faster recovery for optimists, better physiological reactions to surgery, more likely to use active problem-solving

Front 22

Optimism and health on college students

Back 22

students with the optimistic explanatory style made fewer trips to the health center and reported fewer colds and flues over the course of an academic year

Front 23

optimistic peopl have lower_____- after spinal cord injury

Back 23

social and psychological impairment

pessimists has more difficuly in daily physical activties - walking climbing, lifting

Front 24

optimism and aids

Back 24

optimism was related to less distress, more positive attitudes, fewer aids-related concerns, more health benefits

lived an average of 9 months longer

Front 25

Hope and physical health benefits

Back 25

more knowledge about health facts

More health prevention behaviors

better coping with
arthritis, breast cancer, spinal cord injuries, fibromagia, traumatic accidents

Front 26

Hope and physical health benefits #2

Back 26

better adherence to medical regimens

better adherence to taking medication

greater pain tolerance

Use and profit more from support group

less unneeded physician visits

less doctor shopping

Front 27

what accounts for the health differenes between optimists and pessimists

Back 27

Pessimist are passive and have more bad life events

Pessimists take fewer preventive health actions - nothing I do matters attitude
Pessimists become depressed at a higher rate
the immune system of pessimists function less well
optimists are more stress-resilient

Front 28

Placebos have a ....

Back 28

real physical bias

seen with Naloxone instead of morpheme (which blocks the receptors for endorphins)

Front 29

what are the brain chemicals that are released by expctations and block pain

Back 29

Endorphins and enkephalins

Front 30

What closes the gate

Back 30

medication, heat or massage, positive emotions, relaxation, rest, mental conditions, distraction, involvement, interest

Front 31

what opens the gate

Back 31

extent of injury, activity levels, anxiety, tension, depression, mental conditions, focusing on pain, boredom

Front 32

Optimism is related to more

Back 32

helper t-cells, more cytotoxic T cells, and more natural killer cells

Front 33

Dispositional optimism predicted

Back 33

less perceived stress

Front 34

Optimistic people experienced fewer symptons of depression following

Back 34

9/11

Front 35

Downside to optimism

Back 35

Unrealistic opimism may lead to failure to engage in preventive health practices

dispositional optimism may fare worse in the face of presistent, uncontrollable stress

Front 36

Most people are unrealistically optimistic about

Back 36

their health - in one study, students believed they were less likely to develop 3/4 of the health problems

Front 37

what is it that makes people do optimistic about health?

Back 37

The belief that if they problem has not yet struck, one is exempt from future risk

the belief that the problm is preventable by individual action

the preception that the disease is infrequent

Lack of experience with the disease

Front 38

what percent environmntal/genetic?

Back 38

50/50

Front 39

kids in optimistic groups...

Back 39

had long lasting affects and were more positive

Front 40

80% of young people felt very strongly that...

Back 40

They need to be trusted

they need to believe life is meaningful and has purpose

They needed to feel safe and secure

they need to understood and loved

Front 41

Goal -

Back 41

an imagined or envisioned state or condition towards which a person aspires and which drives voluntary activity

Front 42

Characteristics of goals

Back 42

Mental target

some possibility of reaching

can be short or long term
- concrete or abstract

Front 43

Why are goals important?

Back 43

People need meaning in their life

goals provide stucture and purpose

goals also provide a sense of identity

We cannot live without goals

Front 44

The brain cannot support...

Back 44

Purposeless living

Front 45

Goal striving and attainment produce

Back 45

Positive emotions

Front 46

what are the goals that are related to poorer health

Back 46

avoidant, conflicting and emotion regulation

Front 47

Avoidant goals

Back 47

goals that are stressed negatively - not get stressed, not gain weight

Front 48

Conflicting goals

Back 48

Incompatible goals where the attainment of one interferes with the attainment of another

Front 49

Emotion regulation goals

Back 49

feel better, stop worrying, be happier

Front 50

Goals that are related to better health

Back 50

Intimacy, Spiritual, generative

Front 51

self-focused goals are

Back 51

bad

Front 52

Conflict

Back 52

The simultaneous activation of two or more incompatible goals

Front 53

In humans, goal conflict led to

Back 53

long term neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes

Front 54

Smokers who relapsed had higher

Back 54

Conflict and hindrance

Front 55

Self-presentation goals

Back 55

make myself physically attractive

impress others

be confident

Front 56

People who focused more on self-presentation goals instead of acheivement goals...

Back 56

reported more alcohol related problems

Front 57

Resilient personality

Back 57

they begin with the end in mind (purpose driven)

Have purpose outside of themselves

They feel empowered, sense of control

They have a sense of connectedness - vertical and horizontal

Front 58

heartfelt positive emotions

Back 58

Love, appreciation, compassion, joy, hop

There is a transfomative power to these positive emotions - physical, cognitive, psychosocial functions

Front 59

The role of emotions in health

Back 59

Positive emotions are associated with lower rates of morbidity and mortaily and with reports of less severe symptoms and pain

Front 60

Why does happiness matter

Back 60

Happy people are more successful in life

health and well-being improved

Career success and income levels

Relationship duration and sanctification

Front 61

Happiness makes good things happen

Back 61

Higher income

Larger social rewards

More activity and energy

Front 62

Gratitude

Back 62

An inner sense or attitude of appreciation for some benefit received

an affirmation of the goodnss in one's life and that recognition that the sources of this goodness lie at least partially outside the self

Front 63

Relative to the hassle group, the gratitude group.......

Back 63

showed psychological, hysical and interpersonal benefits

Front 64

In hereditary and acquired neuromuscular diseases....

Back 64

gratitude listing led to

significantly higher levels of positive emotions

no difference in nag emotions

Significant effects for life appraisal

more hours of sleep

no effect for exercise or pain

Front 65

People who had gratitude visits

Back 65

were happier 1-3 months later than control

Front 66

How gratitude heals

Back 66

grateful people may elicit more support

gratitude buffers people from destructive emotions

grateful people take better care of themselves

it contributes to resilience int times of stress

Direct link to cardiovasular functioning

Front 67

Patients who exhibit higher levels of gratitude toward medical caregivers have

Back 67

greater satisfaction with treatment after controlling for age, quality of medical information and locus of control

Front 68

Cardiac patients who blamed their heart attack on others....

Back 68

were more likely to have another

Front 69

Perceived benefit from initial heart attack was related to

Back 69

reduced risk for subsequent attack

Front 70

Blood pressure reduced when people are

Back 70

grateful

Front 71

neurocardiology

Back 71

communictes between the brain, heart and rest of body

Front 72

The heart generates the body's most powerful

Back 72

elctromagnetic field - a person's emotional state is communicated throughout the body by hearts electromagnetic field

Front 73

Appreciation helps regulate

Back 73

heart rhythm

Front 74

Pain

Back 74

both a sensory and emotional experience of discomfort,, usually associated with actual or threatened tissue damage

Poena - penalty

Front 75

How to describe medical symptoms to your doctor

Back 75

- health history
- reason for visit
- onset and timing
- pain worse/better
- describe pain
- Location
- Severity
- Setting
- Life situation
- Exams/tests

Front 76

Pain has significance

Back 76

Medical, survival and psychological and social components

Front 77

Nociceptors -

Back 77

specialized sensory receptors in bodily tissue

Front 78

Neural gates open and close and

Back 78

modulate pain

located in spinal chord

Front 79

there is a modulation of pain signals, before they reach the brain

Back 79

summation, delay

Front 80

A-delta

Back 80

Conduct fast, sharp, shooting pain

Front 81

C-fibers

Back 81

slow aching, full, pain, non-mylinated

Front 82

They send information to the

Back 82

spinal cord then to teh brain

Front 83

What controls the opening and closing of the gate

Back 83

the amount of activity in the pain fibers

The amount of activity in the peripheral fibers

messages that descend from the brain

Front 84

Substance P

Back 84

released by A and C fibers

intensifies the pain sensation

Srotonin and norepineohrine promote release of endorphines to reduce pain

Front 85

Video games may

Back 85

help relieve pain

those who played fighting games were able to tolerate pain for a longer period when compared the other game types

Front 86

The restorative benefits of nature

Back 86

Stress/anxiety reduction

Lowers blood pressure

Pain reduction

Lenght of hospital stay

post-surgical complications

enchanced immune function