Grade 9 Chemistry

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Properties

Back 1

A sample of matter that is fixed by its state.

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Matter

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A substance or material

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WHMIS

Back 3

Workplace Hazardous Material Information System: symbols used to introduce cautious behaviour at work on certain materials

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States of Matter

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The distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. The phases are... Bose-Einstein, solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The particles increase in speed and space as the temperature and state increase.

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Bose-Einstein

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Absolute zero

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Solid

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The molecules are quite tightly bound together and are only vibrating.

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Liquid

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Has an almost-fixed volume but no set shape. A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in. The particles are moving around loosely attached and quickly with some space and few collisions between particles.

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Gas

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The molecules move freely and independently. They are moving pretty quickly with a fair bit of space with some collisions between particles.

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Plasma

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The molecules are moving very freely and extremely quickly. There is a lot of space and many collisions between particles.

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Melting

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A solid changing into a liquid by being heated to it's melting point.

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Evaporation

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A liquid changing into a gas by being heated.

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Freezing/solidification

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A liguid changing into a solid by being cooled down to it's freezing point.

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Sublimation

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A change directly from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.

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Condensation

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A gas changing into a liquid.

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Deposition

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When a gas changes to a solid without changing to a liquid.

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Physical propeties

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Any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions.

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Physical change

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Changes that affect the chemical form of a substance. A change from one state to another.

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Chemcial Properties

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a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity.

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Chemical change

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a usually irreversible chemical reaction involving the rearrangement of the atoms of one or more substances and a change in their chemical properties or composition, resulting in the formation of at least one new substance

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Pure substance

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A pure substance is a sample of matter with both definite and constant composition with distinct chemical properties.

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Element

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one of a class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

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Periodic table

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A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns

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Compound

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A substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions

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Mixture

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The product of the random distribution of one substance through another without any chemical reaction, as distinct from a compound

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Solution

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a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution

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Mechanical Mixture

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a mixture where all components can be seen.

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Suspension

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a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy

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Colloid

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A homogeneous consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance.

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Alchemy

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a form of chemistry and speculative philosophy concerned principally with discovering methods for transmuting baser metals into gold and with finding a universal solvent and an elixir of life.

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Atom

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the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

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Protons

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A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign

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Neutrons

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an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus

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Electrons

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A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids

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Electron shell

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an orbit filled with electrons around the nucleus of an atom

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Valance electron

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an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules

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Nucleus

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The positively charged central core of an atom, containing most of its mass

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Atomic Number

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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table

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Atomic Mass

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The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom

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Metal

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any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets

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Non-metal

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A chemical element that forms acidic oxides and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity (oxygen, carbon, sulfur, etc.)

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Metalloid

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An element whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals. They are electrical semiconductors

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Families/groups

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A family is a vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in a family all share similar characteristics, whether they be physical or chemical. There are 18 family (or group) columns in the periodic table

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Periods

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The horizontal rows in the periodic table

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Halogens

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The non-metal elements in group 17 of the periodic table. These elements are extremely reactive.

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Noble gases

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The gaseous elements in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements are the only elements with full valence electron shells.

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Alkaline earth metals

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All of the metals in group 2 of the periodic table.

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Alkali metals

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All of the metals in group 1 of the periodic table. These elemtents are very reactive.

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Chemical formulas

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a combination of symbols and subscripts that shows the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that form a particular compound.

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Ion

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An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

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Ionic compound

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a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. Combining to elements with opposite charges.

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Molecular compound

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A substance formed when two or more non-metal molecules combine

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Molecule

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A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction

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Reactant

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A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

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Product

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A substance produced during a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process

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Chemical reaction

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A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form

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Exothermic reaction

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A chemical reaction in which heat is given off during the formation of chemical compounds.

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Endothermic reaction

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A reaction that takes in heat energy from its surroundings, this has the effect of reducing Temperature.

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Exothermic vs. Endothermic

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Exothermic is a chemical reaction that gives off heat, endothermic is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat.

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Combustion

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Rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, involving the production of heat and light

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Corrosion

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cause to deteriorate due to the action of water, air, or an acid

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Cellular Respiration

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The transfer of energy from various molecules to produce ATP. In the process, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is generated.

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Photosynthesis

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The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is consumed, oxygen is generated.

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Cellular respiration vs. Photosynthesis

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Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide, photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and generates oxygen.

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Open system

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A material system in which mass or energy can be lost to or gained from the environment

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Closed system

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Systems that neither are influenced by nor interact with their environment.

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Open system vs. Closed system

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Open systems can lose or gain mass or energy from the environment, closed systems have no interaction with the environment and cannot gain or lose energy or mass.

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Conservation of mass

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a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system

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Catalyst

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A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change