Geo-105 Exam #1

Front 1

Geology

Back 1

The scientific study of the earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the changes it has undergone or is undergoing.

Front 2

Physical Geology

Back 2

Geology concerned with the physical and chemical aspects of the earths crust throughout the earths history.

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Engineering Geology

Back 3

The branch that deals with the relationships between man and geologic hazards.

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Historical Geology

Back 4

The branch of geology concerned with ancient life and the process of evolution.

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Uniformitarianism

Back 5

The process which act to shape the earth's surface today are the same process which have acted throughout the earths history: or "The Present is key to the past".

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Scientific Method

Back 6

-Make Observation

-Develope Hypotheses

-Test Hypotheses

-Interpret and Modify based on results

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Multiple Working Hypotheses

Back 7

Deriving as many hypotheses as possible to explain a given set of facts.

Front 8

Define: Rocks

Back 8

A mixture of minerals in a solid state. (in many rocks crystals and minerals can be identified)

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3 classifications of Rocks

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-Igneous: "Fore Born" solidified from magma

-Sedimentary: formed by the consolidation of deposits of sediment

-Metamorphic: Igneous or sedimentary rocks which have been altered by increased heat, pressure, or hyrdrothermal solutions

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What is the Rock Cycle

Back 10

Heat and Pressure.....Melting-Cooling/Crystallization....Erosion/weathering... compaction/cementation...

Front 11

The Organization of matter

Back 11

All matter is made of only 3 particles in various configurations (electrons, protons, and neutrons)

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Define: Mineral

Back 12

A homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition, a characteristic atomic structure, and a specific set of physical properties which are used in identification.

Front 13

What is Crystal Form?

Back 13

The external shape of a mineral is a reflection of the internal arrangement of the atoms as the crystal grows.

Front 14

What are the types of crystal cleavage?

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-Basal

-Prismatic

-Cubic

-Rhombohedral

-Octahedral

-Dodecahedral

Front 15

What is Facture?

Back 15

Mineral that has cubic crystal form but no cleavage.

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What are Striations

Back 16

Parallel lines running across a crystal face or cleavage plain.

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What is hardness and how can it be determined?

Back 17

Resistance of a mineral to abrasion (Moh's Hardness Scale)

Front 18

What is Specific Gravity?

Back 18

A measure of the relative weight of a mineral compared to water.

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What is Color and Streak?

Back 19

Color and Color of the mineral when powdered

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5 additional properties of minerals:

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-Magnetism

-Odor

-Taste

-Reaction to acid

-Feel (Tenacity-resistance to breakage)

Front 21

Most abundant elements in the earths crust by weight?

Back 21

-Oxygen (O, 46.6)

-Silicon (Si, 27.7)

-Aluminum (Al, 8.1)

-Iron (Fe, 5.0)

-Calcium (Ca, 3.6)

-Sodium (K, 2.6)

-Magnesium (Mg, 2.1)

Total 98.5%

Front 22

Silicate Mineral

Back 22

MInerals made of combinations of Si and O with other elements.

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Important Silicate Minerals and how they vary?

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-Quartz (2.6)

-Orthoclase Felspar (2.6)

-Sodic Plagioclase (2.6)

-Calcic Plagioclase (2.8)

-Mica Group (2.9)

-Amphibole Group (3.3)

Pyroxene Group (3.3)

-Olivine (3.3)

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Define: Felsic

Back 24

Igneous rocks composed almost entirely of light colored silicates.

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Define: Intermediate

Back 25

Contains at least 25% dark silicate minerals. The other dominate mineral is Plagioclase Fledspar.

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Define: Mafic

Back 26

Containing mostly dark colored silicates

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What is Silicate Tetrahedron?

Back 27

Structure with 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a silicone atom that constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals.

Front 28

2 Criteria for Igneous Rock Classification

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Composition and Texture

Front 29

How does composition affect color?

Back 29

Igneous rocks made up of Felsic minerals tend to be light colored.

Mafic rocks tend to be dark colored

Front 30

6 types of Igneous rock textures:

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-Phaneritic: Crystals large enough to be seen with the eye

-Aphanitic: Not large enough to be seen with the eye

-Porphyritic: mixture of visible and non visible

-Glassy: No crystals

-Cellular: gas escaping leaves bubbles in rock

-Fragmental: pieces of ash and lava welded together.

Front 31

Specific Gravities of Granite, Diorite, and Gabbro.

Back 31

Granite (2.7)

Dorite (2.8)

Gabbro (3.0)

Front 32

Describe Bowen's hypothesis for the origin of Igneous Rocks?

Back 32

Mafic rocks are the parents of all Igneous rocks. Mafic magma can be separated into other type magmas by fractionation.

Front 33

Principles of Reactions:

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(See Diagram)

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Continuous Reactions:

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Atom structure does not change, but atoms are removed and replaced by similar atome.

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Discontinuous Reactions:

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entire atomic structure changes at each step in the series

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Intrusive igneous activity

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Magma is forced into existing rock but doesn't reach the surface

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Extrusive Igneous activity

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magma forces its way upward until it escapes at the earths surface

Front 38

3 methods in which magma can move upwards

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-Squeezing into weaknesses in the rock layers

-Stoping - pre existing rocks breaks off and magma filled space.

-Melting of the overlaying rock

Front 39

Define: Pluton

Back 39

Igneous rock masses formed when magma solidifies underground

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Define: Concordant

Back 40

Pluton boundaries are parallel to the layering of the country rock.

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Define: Discordant

Back 41

pluton boundaries not parallel to to the layering of the country rock.

Front 42

Define: Tabular Pluton

Back 42

Thin flat shape of a pluton

Front 43

Define: Massive Pluton

Back 43

pluton that is large in all dimensions

Front 44

Define: Still

Back 44

Tubular, Concordant

Front 45

Define: Dike

Back 45

Tabular Discordant

Front 46

Define: Lopolith

Back 46

Tubular, Concordant (spoon shaped)

Front 47

Define: Laccolith

Back 47

Massive Concordant (Dame shaped)

Front 48

Define: Stock

Back 48

Massive, Discordant (projection off a batholith)

Front 49

Define: Batholith

Back 49

Massive, Discordant

Front 50

Define: Flood Basalt

Back 50

Next to granite in the importance as an igneous rock.

Vast accumulation of basalt on continents

Front 51

Define: Columnar Jointing

Back 51

Columns of lava formed by shrinking of the lava during cooling.

Front 52

list the different compositions of lava

Back 52

Rhyolite-Felsic

Andesite- Intermediate

Basalt- Basic

Front 53

Define: Aa, Pahoehoe, and Pillow lavas

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Aa- Blocky Jagged

Pahoehoe- Smooth, Ropey

Pillow- Rounded Billowy (underwater)

Front 54

List the types of volcanos

Back 54

Composite Volcano - formed by eruption of felsic or intermediate lavas

Basaltic Cinder Cone- smallest type

Shield- flat shaped

Caldera- exploded volcano

Front 55

Ring of Fire and Nue'e Ardente

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Ring of Fire- Chain of volcanic and earthquake activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean

Front 56

Why do rocks weather at the earths surface?

Back 56

Because many of the minerals used to make up the rocks are unstable at the earths surface.

Front 57

3 types of products resulting from complete igneous weathering

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Clastic- products of clay or unaltered mineral grains

Chemical- products of minerals that were in solutions

Biochemical- containing the actions of organisms.

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