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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name three ways that the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange
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Larger SA
Thin wall Dense capillary network surrounds alveoli |
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What is the different in oxygen content in inspired and expired air? and why?
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In- 21%
Ex-16% Oxygen is diffused into blood by alveoli |
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What is the different in carbon dioxide content in inspired and expired air? and why?
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In- 0.03%
Ex- 4% Respiration releases CO2 and diffuses from blood into alveoli |
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What is the different in nitrogen content in inspired and expired air? and why?
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In- 78%
Ex- 78% No nitrogen diffuses in/out of the blood |
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Label A and B
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A; high conc of o2 from air diffuses into RBCs
B; CO2 leaves blood by diffusion |
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What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
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Respiration; energy released from food
Breathing; Air is moved in and out so gas exchange can happen |
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Features of lungs?
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Spongy and elastic so they can be expanded or compressed by thorax
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Equation for anaerobic respiration in plant cells.
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Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
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Equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
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Glucose -> lactic acid
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How much energy does anaerobic respiration produce and what happens if you keep exercising whilst respring anaerobically?
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Little energy is produced and continuous activity makes lactic acid build up
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What is the energy released in respiration used for?
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Heat generation
Muscle contraction Growth and repair by producing proteins Nervous activity Life processes carried out |
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Equation (word and chemical) for aerobic respiration
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Oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water (+ heat)
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Label A-P (J missed out on diagram)
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A; start of oesophagus
B; trachea (windpipe) C; left bronchus D; bronchioles E; internal intercostal muscles F; external intercostal muscles G/H; Rib cage I; diaphragm J; muscle for diaphragm K; pleural fluid L; lining of lungs M; heart N; alveoli O; ring of cartilige P; laryx |
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What are the pleural membranes?
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Two moist, thin membranes that separate the inside of the thorax from the lungs
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What is the pleural cavity?
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The space between the pleural membranes
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What is pleural fluid?
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The fluid that fills the pleural caivity which acts as a lubricant to stop the lungs sticking to the inside of the chest.
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How is the trachea kept open?
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C-shaped rings of cartilige
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What happens to bacteria in the trachea?
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Trapped in the mucus which is wafted up the trachea by the cilia. The mucus is then swallowed and the acid in the stomach kills any bacteria.
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What are the 7 stages of inhalation?
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Intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up and out Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm flattens Volume of thorax increases Pressure in thorax decreases Air is pushed in by the higher pressure outside |
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Name three things that cigarettes contain
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Nicotine which stimulates the nervous system
Carbon monoxide which irreversibly combines with the haemoglobin in the blood Tar which contains carcinogens-cause cancer |
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Describe how you get lung cancer.
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Chemical cause mutations
Lung cells divide rapidly Cancerous growth develops Causes blockage Cancer can spread |
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Describe how you get emphysema
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Alveoli walls become thin and weak
Coughing = bursting of weak alveoli Reduces lung surface area? Reduces efficiency of diffusion |
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Describe how you get bronchitis
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Cilia destroyed by heat
Mucus not wafted up the trachea Mucus collects in bronchi Bacteria grow Causes infection |
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Describe how you get heart disease
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Internal blood clots; makes platelets sticky and clump together
Fatty material deposited in arteries, dangerous in coronary artery; Less glucose and oxygen Respires anaerobically more Lactic acid builds up Heart muscle cannot contract |
