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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organismal Respiration |
the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between an organism and its environment |
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3 Major pathways that require respiration |
Aerobic cellular respiration Anaerobic cellular respiration Photosynthesis |
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Aerobic cellular respiration |
takes place in mitochondria of eukaryotes, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste product |
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Anaerobic cellular respiration |
takes place in the cytoplasm of some bacteria, nitrogen or sulfate is the final electron acceptor. High oxygen levels may be toxic |
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Photosynthesis |
takes place in chloroplasts of plants, algae and some bacteria, requires CO2 to produce O2 |
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4 Respiratory surfaces |
Body surface Tracheal tubes Gills Lungs |
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Gills |
Moist, thin structures that extend from the body surface- the outer surface is exposed to water, the inner side is exposed to networks of blood vessles |
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Organisms with gills |
some aquatic mollusks, crustaceans (crabs), fishes, and amphibians |
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Body Surface gas exchange |
gas exchange occurs through the entire body surface in small animals with high surface area-to-volume ratios and low metabolic rates. |
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Lungs |
sac shaped organs that include a network of interior tubes and tissues designed to facilitate exchange of gases with the blood |
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Pleural membrane |
continuous sac that encloses the lung |
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Pleural cavity |
provides lubrication between the lungs and the chest wall |
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Breathing |
the mechanical process of moving air from the environment into the lungs |
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Thoracic cavity |
the body cavity in which the lungs are located |
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Intercostal muscles |
run along the ribs, defining the sides of the thoracic cavity |
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Diaphragm |
the bottom of the thoracic cavity that adjust the size of the thoracic cavity for inhaling and exhaling |
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Epiglottis |
a lid-like cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx |
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Pathway of air |
Nasal cavity > Pharynx > *over the Epiglottis* > Trachea > Bronchus > Bronchioles > Alveoli and back.. |
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Inhaling |
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; the size of the cavity increases, allowing lungs to expand |
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Exhaling |
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the cavity volume decreases as the lungs deflate |
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Respiratory pigments |
combine reversibly with oxygen and greatly increase the capacity of blood to transport oxygen |
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Hemoglobin |
iron-containing protein found in red blood cells of vertebrates and some invertebrates |
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Oxyhemoglobin |
When an oxygen molecule attaches to the iron atom in each heme |
