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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infectious diseases are unique because |
they are transmitted, or spread, from one host to another |
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Which of the following is or are true? |
Some diseases are caused by non-living agents such as pollution or toxins. Some diseases are caused by the fact that we eat too much of the wrong kinds of food. Some diseases are caused by a lack of an essential nutrient |
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Disease can be defined as which of the following |
A harmful deviation from the normal structure and function of an organism. |
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Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, public health efforts, sanitation and similar developments in the early twentieth century, by the 1960's |
public health officials were declaring infectious diseases no longer a problem, though it became clear in the 90's this wasn't true. |
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William McNeill wrote that we "will never escape the ecosystem and the limits of the ecosystem. Whether we like it or not, we are caught in the food chain, eating and being eaten. It is one of the conditions of life". What is behind this statement? (Select all that apply.) |
That the nature of most living things is to eat other living things., The implication that if we are eaten by microbes, we call it disease, but that we ourselves also have to eat to survive. |
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When we refer to microbes, we are talking about |
a number of different kinds of reproducing organisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and helminths. |
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What three general components must come together to cause infectious diseases? |
A susceptible host, a virulent pathogen and an appropriate environment |
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Pathogen is a term that refers to |
organisms, usually microbes, that cause disease. |
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What is one of the key features of non-transmissable diseases? |
They are caused by non-living or abiotic factors. |
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Which of the following are examples of abiotic factors that may cause non-transmissible diseases? |
A lack of certain essential nutrients, such as vitamin C or vitamin A, Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke., Exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. |
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What is an aflatoxin? |
A toxin produced by fungi that can cause liver damage, cancer and death in animals and people. |
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What does the term "epidemiologic transition" refer to? |
The period in a societies' history when the major causes of death switch from infectious diseases to chronic, non-infectious diseases. |
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Of the following statements, which is or are true? (Mark all that are true.) |
Dental caries is a disease caused by bacteria, notably Streptococcus mutans., As humans began to eat more simple carbohydrates, particularly sugar in the last few centuries, dental caries have increased significantly in human populations., Bacteria have evolved to adapt to human mouths and produce acids that allow them to decompose teeth and use them for a habitat and nutrition., The bacteria that cause tooth decay and gum disease may also cause heart and vascular disease. |
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Most of the bacteria that get into our bodies |
are in our digestive system. |
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The microbiota is the community of microbes living |
on and in our bodies. |
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Which of the following can our microbiota influence? |
Our tendency to gain or lose weight., Our immune system., Our behavior., Whether a person gets kwashiorkor. |
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What does the hygiene hypothesis propose? |
That decreased exposure to microbes in the environment makes the active immune system more likely to malfunction. |
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Which of the following are examples of autoimmune diseases that have increased in recent decades? (Mark all that are examples.) |
Type 1 diabetes, Multiple sclerosis, Asthma |
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Which of the following probably play a role in celiac disease? |
Gluten from cereal grains, Genes that bind gluten to intestinal enzymes, Intestines that allow more food molecules to get between cells |
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Which is the phrase that best sums up this Hans Zinsser quote about diseases: “... infectious disease is merely a disagreeable instance of a widely prevalent tendency of all living creatures to save themselves the bother of building, by their own efforts, the things they require. Whenever they find it possible to take advantage of the constructive labors of others, this is the path of least resistance. The plant does the work with its roots and its green leaves. The cow eats the plant. Man eats both of them; and bacteria (or investment bankers) eat the man.” |
Disease is a case of one organism eating another, including microbes eating humans or other hosts. |
