Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is eye witness testimony? |
Evidence provided by people who witness a particular event or crime and it relies on recall. It involves descriptions of criminals and crime scene details including time, location and other people |
|
|
What is the yerkes Dodson law? |
An increase in anxiety can increase recall until you reach the optimum point where after that recall decreases. |
|
|
What is the weapon effect? |
Where a victim or observer to a crime pays attention to the weapon and neglect other details like the appearance of the criminal |
|
|
What is a weapon focus study? |
Loftus did a study where participants were next to a lab and there was an argument and loud noises. In one condition a man came out with a Pena den another it was knife and blood. The participants were asked to identify the man photos photos. Participants in the first condition was 49% accurate and in the second only 33%. This shows that when anxious and aroused witnesses focus on the weapon at the expense of other details. The study has high ecological validity as the participants weren’t aware that the study was staged but where was ethical considerations (protection from psychological harm) |
|
|
What is a study that show no effect of anxiety on recall? |
Yuille and cutshall did a study where 21 witnesses to a real shooting and 1 person was killed and another injured were interviewed by police and 4-5 months later 13 of 21 agreed to take part in the research. The participants were accurate 5 months later and was little change in their testimonies. They avoided misleading questions and the anxiety experienced at the time hasn’t effected them. This shows that anxiety doesn’t affect recall so it supports the yerkes Dodson law and it’s high in ecological validity |
|
|
What is misleading information ? |
Any information which leads you to a particular response and it includes leading questions and post event discussion |
|
|
Name a study where misleading information occurred? |
Loftus and Palmer did a study where participants watched a car crash and were asked ‘How fast do you think the cards were going when they’ and they used the verbs smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted. The results show the mean speed for smashed were 42 mph and for contacted were 32 mph. This shows that the word effected their judgement |
|
|
What is a leading question? |
A question where the answer is implied |
|
|
What is a study where leading questions was used? |
Loftus and Zanni did a study where participants were shown a car crash and were asked either did you see the broken headlight or did you see a broken headlight. 17% of people who were asked ‘the’ said yes and 7% who were asked ‘a’ said yes which suggests that leading questions affected the results. There was a laboratory study so the variables were controlled making the results more reliable |
|
|
What is post event discussion? |
Where conversations amongst witnesses make them change their responses |
|
|
What is a study where post event discussion takes place? |
Gabbert did a study where participants saw a video of a girl stealing money then they were either tested in pairs or individually. Everybody was told they watched the same video but it was from different perspectives. 71% if witnesses in pairs recalled information that they hadn’t seen and 60% said that the girl was guilty despite they hadn’t seen the crime. These results highlight the issue of post event discussion and the powerful effect it has on recollection. High in ecological validity because you see it from different perspectives but he only tested two populations so it lacks population validity |
|
|
What is the cognitive interview? |
A technique developed for the police and includes: - recall everything - reinstate the context - reverse the order - change perspective |
|
|
What is a study for the cognitive interview? |
Giselman did a study where students watched a video of a siumulated crime and two days later they were interviewed by detectives using either standard techniques or the cognitive interview. The students who were interviewed using cognitive technique recalled more correct information than the students with the standard interview techniques |
