Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Key Study 1: Johnson and Scott (1976) - Anxiety has a negative effect |
PROCEDURE: partixipants sat in waiting room believing they were going to take part in lab study. Conditions were: 1) Low-Anxiety: man walked through waiting room carrying pen with grease on hands. 2) High-Anxiety: heated argument accompanied by sound of breaking glass. Man walked through room holding paper knife with blood on it. FINDINGS: 1) 49% participants able to identify him, 2) Only 33% able to identify him. CONCLUSIONS: tunnel theory, participants focus on weapon = source of anxiety |
|
|
Key Study 2: Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - Anxiety has a positive effect |
PROCEDURE: real-life crime a gun-shop owner shot thief dead. 21 witnesses, 13 participated. - participants interviewed 4-5 months after incident, accounts compared to police reports -witnesses rated stress levels at incident FINDINGS: little change in accounts, some details less accurate e.g. colour of items etc. CONCLUSIONS: participants who reported highest stress levels most accurate (88% compared ti 75%). |
|
|
Contradictory Findings |
'Inverted U' Theory: - YERKES & DODSON (1908): relationship bgetween performance and stress is curvilinear rather than linear Affects Memory: - Deffenbaucher (1983): lower anxiety levels produce lower accuracy recall levels |
|
|
A limitation of Johnson & Scott is it may test surprise not anxiety. |
PICKEL: used scissors, handgun and raw chicken in hairdressing salon. EWT poorer for high unusualness. THEREFORE, weapon focus effect due to unusualness rather than anxiety/threat. |
|
|
A limitation is field studies lack control variables. |
Time between even and interview varies, researches can't control events in between e.g. eyewitnesses discuss the event, read/view accounts in media (post-event discussion) THEREFORE, extraneous variables may be responsible for (in)accuracy of recall, not anxiety. |
|
|
A limitation is there are ethical issues in this research area. |
LOFTUS & PALMER: some participants may have been in a car crash and watching car crash clips could cause them psychological harm. - creating anxiety potentially unethical even if studies beneficial THEREFORE, raise issues about conducting of research BUT ethical issues don't challenge the findings in studies. |
|
|
A limitation is demand characteristics may affect lab studies of anxiety. |
-most participants aware of being watch a filmes crime for a study - may give responses which they believe helpful to researcher THEREFORE, research not measuring accuracy of EWT, reduces validity. |
