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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the standard interview? |
➡️ Revolves around the interviewer who does most of the talking, often asking specific questions that require forced choice answers such as ‘Was the criminal black or white?’ |
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What did Ronald fisher and Edward giesleman recommend to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony? |
That techniques should be based on psychological insights into how memory works... they called these techniques collectively the cognitive interview (CI) to indicate its foundation in cognitive psychology |
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What are the four main techniques that are used in the cognitive interview? |
1) Report everything 2) Context reinstatement 3) Reverse the order 4) Change perspective |
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Describe the ‘report everything’ technique |
➡️ Witnesses are encouraged to include every single detail of the event, even though it may seem irrelevant or the witness doesn’t feel confident about it. ➡️ Memories are interconnected with one another so that recollection of one item may then cue a whole lot of other memories... in addition, the recollection of small details may eventually be pieced together from many different witnesses to form a clearer picture of the event. |
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Describe the ‘context reinstatement’ technique |
➡️ The witness should return to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’ and imagine the environment (such as what the weather was like, what they could see) and their emotions (such as what were their feelings). ➡️ The aim is to make memories accessible... people often cannot access memories that were there... they need appropriate contextual and emotional cues to retrieve memories. |
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Describe the ‘reverse the order’ technique |
➡️ The witness is asked to describe the scene in a different chronological order e.g. from the end to the beginning. ➡️ This is done to prevent people reporting their expectations of how the event must have happened rather than the actual events... it also prevents dishonesty (its harder for people to produce an untruthful account if they have to reverse it). |
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Describe the ‘change perspective’ technique |
➡️ Witnesses should recall the incident from other people’s perspectives e.g. how it would have appeared to other witnesses or to the perpetrator ➡️ This is done to disrupt the effect of expectations and schema on recall... the schema you have for a particular setting (such as going into a shop) generate expectations of what would have happened and it is the schema that is recalled rather than what actually happened. |
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What is the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)? |
Fisher et al (1987) developed some additional elements of the cognitive interview to focus on the social dynamics of the interaction |
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What were the main additional features added onto the enhanced cognitive interview? |
➡️ Encourage the witness to relax and speak slowly ➡️ Offer comments to help clarify witness statements ➡️ Adapt questions to suit the understanding of individual witnesses |
