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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Contrast provided by
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Air Sacs
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Methods to restrain a bird for radiology
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-chemical restraint
-tape bird to a cassette -plexiglass restraint board (Guillotine board) |
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Problems with restraint
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-stress
-trauma |
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Guillotine Board
-benefits |
-dec. anesthesia
-dec. cost |
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VD positioning
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-wings and legs extended
-keel superimposed with vertebral column |
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Lateral positioning
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-wings and legs extended
-slightly separate appendages -superimpose acetabula |
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Methods of radiographing the GI tract
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-survey
-contrast |
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Contrast Radiography
-contrast types |
-Barium Sulphate
-Iohexol |
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Contrast radiography with Barium
-when to take images |
-immediately then at 10-30 min intervals
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Typical transit time of Barium through the GI tract
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-15 min = proventriculus
-30 min = Small Intestine -2-3 hrs = Complete transit |
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Iohexol
-advantages |
-superior when aspiration is likely
-faster transit time -does not cause peritonitis in a perforated GI tract -can be diluted 1:1 with water |
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Crop
-what is it |
-expansion of the esophagus
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Crop
-location |
-cranial to the thoracic inlet
-goes from right to left -variable in size |
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Crop
-radiographic appearance |
-usually not observed without contrast
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Crop
-aka |
-ingluvies
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Proventriculus
-radiographic appearance |
-visible on Lateral, not VD
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Proventriculus
-location |
-determined by ventriculus
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Ventriculus
-aka |
-Gizzard
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Ventriculus
-location |
-VD: left of midline with cranial border level with acetabulum
-Lateral: Dorsal surface ½ to 1/3 the distance between the vertebral column and sternum |
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Ventriculus
-radiographic appearance |
-normally seen with grit present
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Intestines
-location |
-posterior abdomen
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Intestines
-radiographic appearance |
-not clearly demarcated
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Liver
-location |
-VD: surrounded by thoracic air sacs
-Lateral: bordered by heart, gizzard, duodenum, proventriculus, sternum |
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Liver
-radiographic appearance |
-Cardiac hepatic shadow (hourglass) on VD
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Spleen
-location |
-VD: not visualized
-Lateral: spherical density cranial to intestines and dorsal to liver |
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Why are cuffed tracheal tubes not used in birds?
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-complete tracheal rings
-would cause pressure necrosis |
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Respiratory system
-parts seen on radiographs |
-trachea
-lungs -air sacs |
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Trachea
-end |
-syrinx
-bifurcation |
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Trachea
-location |
-VD: right of cervical vertebrae
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Lungs
-radiographic appearance |
-lateral: reticular pattern
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Air sacs
-how many |
-4 paired
-1 unpaired |
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Air sacs
-radiographic appearance |
-normally radiolucent
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Radiographic signs of respiratory disease
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-air sac density
-pulmonary density (accentuation or loss of reticular pattern) -subcutaneous emphysema -tracheal lesions (FB, granuloma) |
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Muscles that affect respiration
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-intercostal
-abdominal -pectoral |
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Replacement for alveoli
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-air capillary network
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Name the air sacs
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-1 clavicular
-2 cervical -2 cranial thoracic -2 caudal thoracic -2 abdominal |
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Most extensive air sacs
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-abdominal
Heart -radiographic appearance -hourglass shape w/ liver -1/3 of thorax -Lateral: can’t see apex, major vessels located cranially |
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Part of the Urogenital tract seen on radiograph
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-kidneys
-gonads |
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Kidneys
-radiographic appearance |
-VD: obscured by overlying viscera
-Lateral: adhered to synsacrum |
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Gonads
-radiographic appearance |
-VD: not observed
-Lateral: possibly observed if breeding |
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Radiographic signs of abdominal disease
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-masses
-displacement of viscera -loss of abdominal air sac space -homogenous abdominal density -gas in GI -FB -renal density |
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Abdominal disease
-most common masses |
-hepatomegaly
-renal tumors -eggs |
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Abdominal disease
-structure commonly displaced |
-gizzard (ventriculus)
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Kidney mass effect
-radiographic appearance |
-ventral displacement of gizzard
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Splenic mass effect
-radiographic appearance |
-ventral/caudal displacement of gizzard
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Hernia mass effect
-radiographic appearance |
-ventral displacement of gizzard and intestine
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Hepatomegaly mass effect
-radiographic appearance |
-dorsal displacement of proventriculus
-caudal displacement of gizzard -loss of hourglass |
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Abdominal mass mass effect
-radiographic appearance |
-cranial displacement of liver
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Bird with largest egg relative to size
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-kiwi
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Avian skeleton
-important characteristics |
-some pneumatic bones
-shoulder girdle -ulna larger than radius -some fused bones (tibiotarsus) |
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Skeletal diseases seen with radiography
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-changes in bone density
-fractures -tumors -soft tissue swelling |
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Diseases causing changes in bone density
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-MBD
-Osteomyelitis -Neoplasia |
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When is a change in bone density normal on radiograph?
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-egg laying females
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