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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical Signs of a sick bird
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“Sick Bird Syndrome”
-fluffed and ruffled -partially closed eyes -frequent blinking -head tucked under wings -sitting on the bottom of the cage -hunched posture -dyspnea -inactive -anorexic |
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Hands off examination
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-observe the bird, cage and contents before handling
-obtain history (compare to old for changes) -oxygen cage if looking dyspneic -quick physical exam |
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Major things to look at in a quick physical exam
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-mouth
-wings -palpate abdomen -gross abnormalities |
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Wing droop
-unilateral vs. bilateral |
-unilateral: suggestive of trauma to wing
-bilateral: suggestive of “Sick Bird Syndrome” |
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Droppings
-sight evaluations |
-give you an idea if a renal or GI problem is present
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If a bird is dyspneic, what should be done?
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-place into an oxygen cage in order to stabilize
-place an air sac tube |
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Dyspnea
-signs |
-excessive shest motion
-open-mouth breathing -extended neck -tachypnea -head bob/tail bob -wings extended away from body |
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What should not be done to dyspneic appearing birds that come into your practice?
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-do not restrain
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Air sac tube
-use |
-birds with upper airway obstructions
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Air sac tube
-placed in which air sacs |
-caudal thoracic
-abdominal |
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Hemorrhage
-due to |
-damaged nails
-blood feathers -skin wounds -other traums: fractures, shot |
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Bird
-total blood volume |
-approx 10%
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Bird
-fatal amount of blood loss |
-20%
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Hemorrhage
-treatments |
-silver nitrate pencillin
-ferric chloride -wound powder/flour -sustained pressure -superglue -pull blood feathers -antibiotics |
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Fractures
-general treatment |
Temporary splinting
-figure 8 bandage -tape splint |
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Figure 8 bandage
-purpose |
-stabilize the bones below the humerus
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Seizures
-due to |
-hypocalcemia
-hypoglycemia -epilepsy -possibly toxins |
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Seizures from hypocalcemia
-common in |
-African Grey
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Seizures from hypoglycemia
-common in |
-neonates
-raptors |
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Epilepsy
-treatment |
-diazepam
-midazolam |
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Physical diagnosis depends on:
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-restraint
-physical examination |
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Necessary examination supplies
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-towel
-gloves -gram scale (& larger) -mouth specula -light source -magnifying loupe |
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Physical restraint of a bird
-first goal -why? |
-restrain the talons
-restrain head -ensures the safety of the handlers, medical staff, and patient |
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Physical restraint
-important things to make sure of |
-keep the sternum unrestricted
-avoid laying the bird on its back (body weight) |
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Things to look at in the mouth
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-glottis
-CRT -masses -hemorrhages |
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What can palpating the keel tell you about a disease?
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-thin keel = chronic disease
-keel in good shape = more of an acute disease |
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Diagnostic tests that may be run in critical care
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Most immediate if possible:
-hematology (PCV, WBC, TP) if possible -serum chemistry if possible Others: -radiology -parasitology -bacteriology -toxicology -others |
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General supportive care
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-clean, quiet environment
-minimize stress -hospital cage -oxygen -warmth -low perches -easily accessible food |
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Temperatures for supportive care
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-Adults = 85-90F
-Babies = 94F |
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How to assess dehydration
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-history
-turgor/refill of wing vein -sunken eyes -tacky mucous membranes -skin tent and sliding -PCV, TP, BUN |
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How to estimate fluid deficit
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Fluid deficit = dehydration x BW (g)
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Maintenance fluid
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50 mL/kg/day
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How to replace fluid deficit
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-replace half within 12-24 hrs
-give remainder over next 24-48 hrs with maintenance |
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Routes of fluid administration
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-oral
-subcutaneous -intravenous -intraosseous |
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Oral fluid administration
-indications |
-mild dehydration
-maintenance -pedialyte/Gatorade |
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Oral fluid administration
-contraindications |
-laterally recumbent
-seizure -regurgitating -GI stasis |
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-indications |
-mild dehydration (poor peripheral circulation)
-maintenance |
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-contraindications |
-severe dehydration
-hypoproteinemia |
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Intravenous fluid administration
-indications |
-severe dehydration
-shock -bolus/CRI |
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Intravenous fluid administration
-accessible veins |
-ulnar
-medial metatarsal -jugular |
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Intraosseous fluid administration
-indications |
-veins too collapsed from dehydration
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Intraosseous fluid administration
-locations of administration |
-ulna
-tibiotarsus |
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Intraosseous fluid administration
-where not to place the catheter |
-pneumatic bones (humerus, femur, etc.)
-will flow to air sacs |
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Fluid choices
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-crystalloids
-colloids -blood |
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Crystalloid fluid
-type |
-LRS
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Colloid fluids
-type |
-hetastarch
-oxyglobin |
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Blood transfusion
-when to consider |
-PCV < 15%
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Blood transfusion
-considerations |
-try to get homologous blood
-collect with anticoagulants or heparin |
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Blood transfusion
-routes of administration |
-IV
-IO |
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Antibiotics
-indication |
-debilitated birds to control primary infections or prophylactically prevent secondary infections
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Antibiotics
-drugs to use |
-broad spectrums until c/s results are available
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Antibiotic treatment for Chlamydophila
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-Doxycycline
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“Other” drugs given to birds
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-analgesics
-vitamin B -Calcium -glucose -others |
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Vitamin B
-indications |
-anorexia
-anemia |
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Main analgesic used
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-butorphanol
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Why is nutritional support so important?
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-very high metabolic rate
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Nutrition
-when do birds get presented for help? |
-several days of anorexia
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What is a very important part of nutritional support?
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-weighing
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Gavage feeding
-general amount |
-3-5% body weight
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