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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BMI |
weight (kg)/height^2 (m) |
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CO |
HR X SV |
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PP |
SBP - DBP |
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MAP |
1/3 PP + DBP or ((2 X DBP) + SBP)/3 |
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WBGT |
0.7 Twb + 0.2 Tg + 0.1 Tdb |
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Cut off at heat category 1 |
78-81.9 degree Easy water intake 1/2 quart per hour no limit on work minutes water intake 3/4 qt/hour no limit of work min Hard water intake 3/4 quart/hour 40/20 min limit |
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in to m |
1 in/0.0254 m |
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kg to lbs |
2.21 lbs / 1 kg |
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Evaporation |
Vaporization of sweat from the skin
most important means of heat loss during exercise (except swimming 1 L of sweat = loss 580 kcal rate of evap depends on temp and relative humidity amnt of skin exposed convective currents around the body (wind) |
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Convection |
contact with air or water method of gain or loss heat transfer in air or water forced convection--blowing fan increases the quantity of air to skin contact important in exercise with swimming (cool or warm water) |
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Radiation |
transfer of heat through waves gain or loss of heat absorbed from the sun and given off during exercise important at rest in cool room, less during exercise |
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Conduction |
transfer by direct contact warming up a chair |
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VO2 peak vs VO2 max |
Rate O2 is consumed in the body peak: highest value of VO2 attained on a particular exercise test VO2 max: highest VO2 deemed attainable by an individual |
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Type II |
age of onset: >40 clinical onset: Gradual Family history: yes body comp: obese blood insulin levels: normal or increased cell insulin resistance: present treatments: weight loss, diet, exercise, hyperglycemic drugs |
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Type I |
age of onset: <35 years clinical onset: abrupt fam history: yes body comp: normal or thin blood insulin levels: reduced or absent cell insulin resistance: absent or minor treatments: insulin, diet, exercise |
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2 compartment models |
skinfold body density Hydrostatic body density Bod Pod Body volume |
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3 compartment models |
DEXA body density with fat, bone, and everything else |
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BIO Impedence |
electrical resistance in body |
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Female Triad |
eating disorder menstrual dysfunction amenorrhea in athlete infertility usually reversible alteration in lipoprotiens--> increases LDL and decreased HDL decreased BMD due to loss of estrogen Osteoporosis osteopenia: -1 to -2.5 osteoporosis: < -2.5 BMD |
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Clinical trial of Female Triad |
Luteinizing and Follicle stimulating hormones are low estradiol and progesterone low prolactin and androgen normal cortisol elevated thyroid hormones T3 and T4 low |
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DOMS |
24-48 hours post exercise 48-72 hour duration theory relates to micro-tears in the muscle and maybe connective tissue |
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genetics and training |
men and women respond similarly to training programs fiber type increases with different genetics genetic predisposition accounts for 40-60% VO2max mitochondria DNA is inherited from a single lineage from mom |
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sex differences in response to strength training |
untrained males have greater absolute strength than untrained females there does not appear to be sex difference in response to strength training |
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response to Endurance training (5) |
Adaptation--long term change in structure or fxn changes to muscle cell 1. increased # of mitochondria 2. increased size of mitochondria 3. increased number of capillaries-->increased capillary density 4. decreased size of muscle fibers (slow and fast fibers) conversion of fast to slow (IIa-->I) 5. increases in CO max and a--v O2 difference: increased max O2 uptake |
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Response to resistance training (6) |
primary response is increased strength early responses-->neural later responses-->hypertrophy of muscle
increased PC stores increased ATPase, CPK, glycolysis enzyme activity increased # of myofibrils per fiber, increased myosin increased tendon strength, increased fibers |
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metabolic causes of fatigue (100-200m) (400-800m) |
100-200 CP depletion 400-800 CP depletion and H accumulation |
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metabolic causes of fatigue 1500m |
H accumulation
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metabolic causes of fatigue (5000+ m) |
glycogen depletion
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cardiopulmonary |
capacity of the CV and pulmonary systems to maintain normal function for prolonged periods components of fitness |
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Muscular Strength |
capacity of a muscle or muscles to produce forces against a resistance component of fitness |
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Muscular Power
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capacity to produce a force over some distance in a specified time period component of fitness |
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Muscular Endurance |
capacity of a muscle or muscles to produce force for extended periods of time component of fitness |
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Flexibility |
component of fitness |
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body comp |
proportion of fat and fat-free mass relative to total body mass component of fitness |
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Components of Training (4) |
mode-- type of activity running, swimming, etc frequency--# of times per time period 2 times per week Duration--amount of time per session 30 min intensity--rate of work performed during each session or amount of effort given relative to max speed, % max heart rate, %one rep |
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Principles of training (4) |
Overload--must stress system Specificity--system responds to specific stresses Reversibility-- detraining Individuality--responses differ between people |
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Diagnosis of Obstructive Lung Disease |
FEV1, PEFR, FEV1/FVC FEV1/FVC ratio <.70 or 70% measured FEV1/predicted FEV1 <.8 |
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Diagnosis of Exercise Induced Asthma/Bronchoconstriction |
drop in FEV1, PEFR >10% |
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Diagnosis of Restrictive Lung Disease |
VC, IRV Measured VC/Predicted VC <80% |
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Ejection Fraction |
SV/EDV great indicator of heart performance and disease prognosis left ventricular norm is 62% 55% is cutoff for disease increase with endurance training |
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ESV |
volume at the end of systole-->end of ventricular contraction |
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EDV |
volume at the end of diastole-->end of ventricular filling |
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MAP influencers |
SV EDV ESV EF |
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SV |
EDV-ESV = SV |
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Endurance and hematocrit |
increase plasma volume at rest |
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Acute and hematocrit |
exercise leads to: increased sweating and BP plasma to intracellular space and fluid loss via evaporation increases hematocrit Increased BP causes kidneys to extract some fluid to regulate |
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Type I muscle fiber (6) |
rate of fatigue: slower and low motor unit size: small contractile speed: slow Force production: low mitochondrial number: high capillaries: high |
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Type IIa muscle fiber (6) |
rate of fatigue: resistance motor unit size: medium contractile speed: fast Force production: moderate mitochondrial number:moderate capillaries: moderate |
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Type IIb/x (6) |
fatigue: high motor unit size: large contractile speed: fast Force production: high mitochondrial number: low capillaries: low |
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Work Treadmill |
Body Mass X Distance X Grade = work Body Mass X Velocity x Duration X grade = Work |
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Work units |
Kgm, Kpm, N (9.8 N/kpm) |
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Power units |
kgm/min, kpm/min, watts (6.12 kgm/min = 1 Watt) |
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Cycle Ergometer Work |
Resistance (kp) X 6m/rev X # revolutions = work (Kp) X 6m/rev X rev/min X duration = work |
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Power for Treadmill |
Work/time = power Velocity X grade X Body mass = Power |
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Power for Ergometer |
Work/time = power rev/min X kp X 6m/rev = power |
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Cori Cycle |
1. lactate dehydrogenase-> pyruvate to krebs 2. heart has lactate dehydrogenase (can use pyruvate and use it aerobically) 3. liver can convert lactate to glucose through gluconeogenesis |
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exercise intensity |
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