Exam #3 Biology Ch 7,8,9, 10

Front 1

In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in _____.

Back 1

nucleus

Front 2

On which of the following items could a crime lab use PCR?

saliva- and bloodstained nightshirts

fingernail clippings

vaginal swabs

The first two answers are correct.

The first three answers are correct.

Back 2

The first three answers are correct

Front 3

In which of the following places can DNA be found?

chromosomes

a recently used coffee cup

hair follicles

chromosomes and hair follicles

All of the above.

Back 3

All of the above

Front 4

You have a segment of DNA with the sequence AATAGCGA. If this segment underwent replication, what is the nucleotide sequence you would see?

Back 4

TTATCGCT

Front 5

Gel electrophoresis is best described as a laboratory technique used:

Back 5

to analyze DNA samples (it separates DNA fragments by size).

Front 6

A researcher is comparing DNA samples to one derived from a crime scene. To which component of DNA should the researcher pay special attention in order to determine whether a DNA sample matches that of the perpetrator?

Back 6

the sequence of nucleotides within the DNA

Front 7

Humans inherit _____ chromosomes from each parent; a male inherits the _____ chromosome from his father.

Back 7

23; Y

Front 8

During examination of a gel containing 10 STRs from a heterozygous mother and her biological child, how many bands should be identical in size?

Back 8

10

Front 9

DNA regions that do not code for proteins:

Back 9

can be used to uniquely identify individuals.

Front 10

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe human DNA?Males receive one X chromosome from their mother.Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother.Human DNA is a unique combination of DNA inherited from both parents.Human DNA is located within the nucleus.Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes and two gender chromosomes.

Back 10

females receive 2 x chromosomes from their mother

Front 11

What is the difference between the nucleotides used in DNA replication during the PCR and the nucleotides used during DNA duplication within the cell?

Back 11

there is no difference; they are the same

Front 12

DNA profiling with STRs is most accurate when:

Back 12

many STRs examined

Front 13

A scientist is looking at a strand of hair under the microscope. Just from this microscopic analysis, what can she determine about the person from which this hair was derived?the texture of the person's hairwhether the person dyes his or her hairthe natural color of the person's hairthe person's ethnicityAll of the answer options are correct.

Back 13

all options correct

Front 14

The process of DNA replication requires:breaking of hydrogen bonds.unwinding of the DNA.enzymes.nucleotides.All of the above.

Back 14

all of the above

Front 15

Typically, what percentage of people share the same pattern on any one STR site?

Back 15

5-20

Front 16

DNA can be visualized as a ladder in which the parallel rungs ("steps") would be:

Back 16

hydrogen bonded bases

Front 17

A chromosome is:

Back 17

a single, large DNA molecule found in the nucleus of human cells.

Front 18

If the defective gene for color blindness is carried on the X chromosome, and a color blind mother's 23rd pair of chromosomes carries the defect on both chromosomes, what is the likelihood that her son will have color blindness?

Back 18

100%

Front 19

A laboratory technique used to replicate, and thus amplify a specific DNA segment, is called:

Back 19

polymerase chain reaction.

Front 20

An enzyme that "reads" the sequence of a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication is:

Back 20

DNA polymerase.

Front 21

If you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will it take to end up with a total of 16 copies?

Back 21

4

Front 22

Why is heating the first step in the PCR reaction?

Back 22

Heating breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to separate the DNA strands.

Front 23

Which of the following is the correct sequence in creating a DNA profile?

Back 23

collect DNA→extract DNA→PCR to amplify STRs→gel electrophoresis→ analyze gel

Front 24

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 24

hereditary molecule

passed from parents to offspring

common to all living organisms

instruction manual-how to build an individual

Front 25

Structure of DNA

Back 25

DNA is composed of four nucleotides

Each nucleotide has 3 components

-1. phosphate group

-2. deoxyribose sugar

-3. nitrogen-containing base

Front 26

4 Bases in DNA

Back 26

adenine-thymine

guanine-cytosine

Front 27

where is DNA found

Back 27

the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Front 28

Endomembrane system: Nucleus

Back 28

Command center

usually near center

Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope

-consists of double layer of membrane

-nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm

Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm

-chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins (histones)

-condenses to form chromosomes

-chromosomes are formed during cell division

Front 29

Human DNA

Back 29

one from each pair is inherited from the biological mother

one from each pair inherited from biological father

-23rd chromosome pair determines sex

-XX-female

-XY-male

Front 30

structure of DNA

Back 30

composed of nucleotides

-each nucleotides consists of sugar, phosphate, and a base

Front 31

4 people responsible for figuring out structure of DNA

Back 31

James Watson

Francis Crick

Maurice Wilkins

Rosalind Franklin

Front 32

how are double helix's formed

Back 32

two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to from a spiral-shaped double helix

-sugars and phosphates form the outside "backbone"

-bases form the internal "rungs"

Front 33

how are two strands of DNA double helix held together

Back 33

by base pairing (hydrogen bonding) between the bases of each strand

Front 34

sequence

Back 34

the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand

-each individual has a unique DNA sequence

-our uniqueness lies in just 0.1% of our DNA sequence (sequences of any two people are 99.9% identical)

-1 difference in every 1,000 nucleotides

-3 million total nucleotide differences

Differences in sequences can translate to differences in protein function

Front 35

helicase

Back 35

unwinding the helix

(backbone of DNA is sugar and phosphate)

Front 36

DNA replication

Back 36

natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule

takes advantage of complimentary base pairing rules

Front 37

DNA replication steps

Back 37

First, hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs together are broken and the helix is unwound

-DNA polymerase reads the DNA and adds complementary nucleotides using the rules of base pairing

Semi-conservative mechanism

-produces two copies of the original DNA molecule

-each molecule consists of one of the strands of the original DNA molecule and a new strand

Front 38

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 38

laboratory technique used to replicate and amplify a specific DNA segment

Primers: short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy

allows DNA replication to occur many times

can make billions of copies from a starting sample of just a few molecules of DNA

Front 39

3 stages of PCR

Back 39

1. heating

2. strand separation

3. DNA replication

Front 40

DNA profiling

Back 40

takes advantage of the fact that no two people have the exact same DNA sequence

Genome

-one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

-Determining sequence of entire genome is extremely time consuming and expensive

Use shortcut:

-use PCR to amplify only specific segments of DNA

Front 41

Short tandem repeats (STR)

Back 41

-sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated

-Ex: sequence AGCT may be repeated over and over again

-STRs are in the same places along chromosomes

-Exact length of STR varies from person to person

Front 42

DNA replication?

Back 42

1. human DNA target

2. DNA primers

3. Taq Enzyme

4. Nucleotides Free

5. Buffer, pH, etc

Front 43

PCR

Back 43

Amplifies the DNA nucleotide bonds on a DNA sequence

Helps to determine the unique DNA "fingerprint" of victims or suspects

Short tandem repeats (STR)

Front 44

Steps of PCR

Back 44

1.heat to separate the strands

2. PCR primers attach to DNA sequences on either side of the repeats

3. DNA Polymerase copies the sequence

4. process repeated to make many copies

Front 45

Uses of PCR

Back 45

Medical applications

Infectious disease applications

Forensic applications

Research applications

Front 46

Making a DNA profile

Back 46

1. •Collectcells and extract DNA

2. •UsePCR to amplify multiple STR regions

3. •SeparateSTRs using gel electrophoresis–laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size

Front 47

making a DNA profile #2

Back 47

•Separatedfragments of DNA create a specific pattern of bands •Visibleusing fluorescence •Uniqueto each person•Comparepatterns of DNA•Differentindividuals have different DNA banding patterns

Front 48

DNA ladder

Back 48

the backbone is made of sugar, phosphate

off of sugar, there are the bases

bases A T and C G

between A & T (two hydrogen base pairs)

between C & G (3 hydrogen base pairs)

Front 49

Alleles are alternative forms of _____ gene(s) that have ____ nucleotide sequences.

Back 49

the same; small differences in their

Front 50

Which of the following individuals with inherited antithrombin deficiency would be most likely to require immediate treatment with antithrombin?

Back 50

a woman giving birth; a young boy getting surgery

Front 51

What factors are important in determining the shape of a protein?

Back 51

hydrophobic amino acid side chains

interactions between amino acid side chains

interactions between amino acid side chains

and waterhydrophilic amino acid side chains

Front 52

Transcription is the process of copying ____ into _____.

Back 52

DNA; mRNA

Front 53

An animal that is transgenic:

Back 53

contains genes of different species

Front 54

Why is it beneficial to use a gene that is expressed in mammary glands as a way to produce therapeutic drugs?

Back 54

Milk is easier to access than blood, and mammary glands produce proteins in relatively large quantities.

Front 55

Denaturation affects the bonds between amino acids in a protein. What is true of denaturation?

Back 55

affects the shape of a proteinaffects the function of a proteinmay occur when proteins are heatedmay occur when the pH of a solution changes

Front 56

Scientists have used genetic engineering technology to clone entire animals.

Back 56

true

Front 57

How do you think replacing one amino acid in a protein with another amino acid would affect the shape of that protein?

Back 57

Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.

Front 58

What allows different cell types the ability to produce different proteins and therefore have different identities

Back 58

Only certain cells are able to turn on the regulatory sequence and express certain genes.

Front 59

Which of the following could be possible if a single nucleotide in the coding sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?

Back 59

the function of the protein could change

Front 60

Which of the following is true of amino acids?

Back 60

All amino acids have unique chemical side chains.

Front 61

Why was it important to use the regulatory sequence of a milk gene when constructing the recombinant gene used to produce human antithrombin?

Back 61

Proteins expressed in tissues where they shouldn't be can be harmful.

and

Scientists wanted antithrombin produced in milk where it would be easy to harvest.

Front 62

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used to prevent milk from transgenic goats from getting into the human food supply?

a double-fenced facility

video cameras

homing devices implanted under the goats' skin

a large bubble over the goats' barn

All of the above.

Back 62

a large bubble over the goats' barn

Front 63

Two different proteins have different functions. What MUST be true about these two proteins?

Back 63

They have different amino acid sequences.They have different three-dimensional shapes.

Front 64

Which of the following substitutions would you expect to have the greatest impact on the shape of a protein?

Back 64

substituting a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid

substituting a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophilic amino acid

reducing the length of the amino acid chain by one amino acid

increasing the length of the amino acid chain by one amino acid

Front 65

Why is it important to inject a recombinant gene into an embryo instead of an adult?

Back 65

Injecting the gene into an embryo ensures that all body cells receive a copy of the gene.

Front 66

Why are many drugs either proteins or drugs that interact with proteins?

Back 66

Proteins play vital roles within cells which allow cells to function.

Front 67

If a section of mRNA contains the nucleotide sequence UUGCCUCAC, the sequence of amino acids translated will be:

Back 67

Leu-Pro-His.

Front 68

If a mutation in a long chain of codons changes a codon sequence of one codon from CUU to CUC, what affect would that have on the protein produced?

Back 68

Both of the codons code for the same amino acid and no change would be observed in the protein.

Front 69

If a section of DNA contains the nucleotide sequence TACCAACGA, the sequence of amino acids translated will be:

Back 69

Met-Val-Ala.

Front 70

A tRNA has an anticodon of AGU. If that tRNA carried a trp amino acid, would this result in a normal or abnormal protein?

Back 70

abnormal

Front 71

Why do you think bacteria cannot be used to produce complex human proteins, such as antithrombin?

Back 71

The proteins bacteria produce are not as complex as human proteins.

Front 72

Which of the following could be an example of a protein?

a hormone

an enzyme

an antibody

a transporter

All of the above are examples.

Back 72

all of the above are examples

Front 73

BRCA 1 and 2 gene

Back 73

-autosomal dominent gene

-bad copy of gene your risk of getting breast cancer is very high

Front 74

what stages in life are you more likely to get cancer

Back 74

peak at birth

peak in middle (40's)

shoots up and highest 60+

Front 75

Why do cells divide?

Back 75

to replace cells damaged by injury

to maintain healthy tissues

to create a human body during embryonic development

to replace cells that have died

Front 76

What should normally occur if a problem is detected at a cell cycle checkpoint?

Back 76

The cell may undergo apoptosis.

The cell may take steps to repair DNA mistakes.

Front 77

What kind(s) of cells are targeted by chemotherapy?

Back 77

all dividing cells

Front 78

What endangered animal lives in the forests where yew trees were being harvested?

Back 78

northern spotted owls

Front 79

A biologist measures the amount of DNA in cells growing in a laboratory. She should find that the amount of DNA doubles:

Back 79

during S phase

Front 80

If replicated chromosomes failed to condense properly as a cell entered mitosis, what would be a likely outcome?

Back 80

Chromosomes would become tangled and likely break during mitosis.

Front 81

Which of the following cells normally divide rapidly and are therefore affected by treatments, such as chemotherapy, that target dividing cells?

Back 81

intestinal tract, hair follicle, and bone marrow cells.

Front 82

New chemicals to treat cancer may come from invertebrate animals called sea sponges. Why is it likely that sea sponges produce a cancer treating compound?

Back 82

They produce chemical defenses to protect against predation.

Front 83

A tumor is:

Back 83

a mass resulting from uncontrolled cell division.

Front 84

The spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another is known as _____.

Back 84

metastasis

Front 85

order of events during the cell cycle:

Back 85

G1, S, G2, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Front 86

Which of the following occurs in normal cells, but not in cancer cells?

Back 86

repair of mistakes in mitosis and apoptosis in damaged cells

Front 87

What are common side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

Back 87

nausea

hair Loss

infections

diarrhea

Front 88

Cells spend the majority of their time in the cell cycle in ____.

Back 88

interphase

Front 89

What will happen in a normal human skin cell if the chromosomes are not aligned for proper chromatid separation during mitosis?

Back 89

The error will be noticed at a cell cycle checkpoint and the cell will not proceed unless the error is corrected.

Front 90

How was the supply problem for Taxol solved?

Back 90

A chemist used a method called semisynthesis to create Taxol using the more common English yew.

Front 91

Taxol interferes with the normal assembly of the mitotic spindle. How does this affect mitosis?

Back 91

The cell cannot proceed normally and arrests in metaphase.

Front 92

A physician is explaining treatment options to a patient who has breast cancer that has undergone metastasis. Which of the following statements might the physician use in explaining the cancer or treatment options?

Back 92

Chemotherapy should be used to treat breast cancer cells circulating through the body.

Breast cancer cells that have metastasized can develop into tumors in other tissues.

Using Taxol in combination with standard chemotherapies should lead to a longer survival time than standard chemotherapy alone.

All cells undergoing mitosis will be affected by both chemotherapy and radiation.

Front 93

Which of the following is an example of cells undergoing mitosis?

Back 93

a new embryo growing

a tree producing new branches

dead skin cells being replaced

scar tissue forming in a wound

Front 94

What is the most likely mechanism for chemotherapy to cause diarrhea?

Back 94

The cells lining the intestinal tract are mitotically active cells that divide regularly.

Front 95

A cell with 46 chromosomes enters the cell cycle. It completes all the stages EXCEPT for cytokinesis, at which point it gets "stuck." How many chromosomes will be present at this point?

Back 95

92

Front 96

In a cell with a 24-hour cell cycle, approximately ___% of the time is spent in mitosis and cytokinesis.

Back 96

10 %

Front 97

A cell cycle checkpoint should prevent the progression of a cell in which:

Back 97

DNA bases are paired incorrectly

Front 98

features of cancer cells?

Back 98

defective checkpoints and unregulated cell division

Front 99

What normally occurs when microtubules shorten during mitosis?

Back 99

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

Front 100

Chemotherapy destroys all dividing cells. Why isn't chemotherapy typically a viable treatment option for pregnant women?

Back 100

Because cells in the embryo are dividing rapidly, so chemotherapy could stop growth and development of the baby.

Front 101

Cancer may be caused by:

Back 101

a checkpoint problem.

failure in apoptosis.

unregulated cell division.

failure in DNA repair mechanisms.

Front 102

Physical side effects from chemotherapy and radiotherapy could be maximally reduced by:

Back 102

targeting specific tumor cells

Front 103

Side effects of chemotherapy―such as vomiting, hair loss, and bruising―occur because:

Back 103

chemotherapeutic drugs kill both normal and cancerous cells.

Front 104

apoptosis

Back 104

the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

Front 105

A 50-year-old woman who was born with a mutation in the gene encoding for a protein responsible for controlling one of the cell cycle checkpoints has developed three additional mutations in the same gene. Which of the following is likely to occur?

Back 105

She will start to produce cancer cells that divide unregulated.

Front 106

differences in a comparison of normal cells versus cancer cells?

Back 106

the number of DNA mutations

the proteins controlling the cell cycle

the density of cells in a tissue

the chemicals secreted by the cells

Front 107

Tumor suppressor genes produce proteins that help prevent normal cells from dividing uncontrollably by controlling cell division, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Which of the following changes in a cell might lead to cancer?

Back 107

a decrease in the production of tumor suppressor protein

a lack of tumor suppressor genes

Front 108

Anemia can be the result of insufficient production of red blood cells. Which tissue is likely to be "at fault" in these cases?

Back 108

bone marrow

Front 109

Taxol interferes with the normal organization and function of structures called ____, which are required to _____________.

Back 109

microtubules; pull sisters apart

Front 110

A cell has chromosomes that have two sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle could this cell be in?

Back 110

any stage of the cell cycle

Front 111

If replicated chromosomes failed to condense properly as a cell entered mitosis, what would be a likely outcome?

Back 111

chromosomes would be tangled and most likely break during mitosis

Front 112

Over time Taxol tends to become less effective at killing cancer in an individual. What is one suggested reason for why this might be true?

Back 112

cancer cells develop mutations that change the structure of microtubules

Front 113

How was Taxol discovered?

Back 113

A botanist sent plant samples to be screened by the National Cancer Institute.

Front 114

Duplicated chromosomes are referred to as:

Back 114

chromatids

Front 115

A biologist measures the amount of DNA in cells growing in a laboratory. She should find that the amount of DNA doubles:

Back 115

during S phase

Front 116

Which of the following might explain why cancer cells divide uncontrollably?

Back 116

cancer cells overproduce growth signals

Front 117

Mitosis

Back 117

the separation and segregation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division

Front 118

the structure that separates the sister chromatids during mitosis

Back 118

mitotic spindle

Front 119

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Back 119

mutation

Front 120

the physical division of a cell into two daughter cells

Back 120

cytokinesis

Front 121

hollow protein fibers that are key components of the cytoskeleton and make up fibers of the mitotic spindle

Back 121

microtubules

Front 122

proteins located at the centromere that provide an attachment point for microtubules of the mitotic spindle

Back 122

kinetochore proteins

Front 123

Why do some people develop cancer at an earlier age than others?

Back 123

They inherited at least one mutation that affects a tumor-suppressor gene.

Front 124

What is the normal function of a proto-oncogene?

Back 124

to help the cell divide appropriately

Front 125

how a malignant tumor may develop:

Back 125

A single mutation of BRCA1 is inherited.

An oncogene forms when DNA mistakes are not corrected.

An environmental mutagen such as UV light mutates p53 gene.

Mutation that allows invasion of other tissues develops.

Front 126

Why would someone with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene have a higher risk of developing cancer earlier in life than someone without a mutation in the BRCA1 gene?

Back 126

It becomes more likely that additional nonhereditary mutations will occur.

Front 127

An individual who inherits a mutation in a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is at higher risk for developing cancer because these genes are:

Back 127

tumor-suppressor genes that produce proteins to repair DNA damage.

Front 128

Which of the following is a normal function of tumor-suppressor genes, such as BRCA1 or p53?

Back 128

produce proteins that induce apoptosis

produce proteins that repair DNA damage

produce proteins that suppress the cell cycle when there is DNA damage

Front 129

If you develop a mutation in a skin cell in a key gene involved in regulating the cell cycle, which of the following is/are possible outcomes based on that skin cell mutation?

Back 129

you may develop skin cancer

Front 130

Approximately what percentage of women with one copy of a BRCA mutation are expected to be diagnosed with breast cancer by age 50?

Back 130

30-50 %

Front 131

Which of the following is true for the younger brother of a 29-year-old woman with breast cancer?

Back 131

The brother may have an increased risk for prostate cancer.

The brother may not have an increased risk for cancer.

The brother may develop cancer early in life.

The brother may pass a mutated form of a tumor-suppressor gene onto his children.

Front 132

A cell has an inactivating mutation in one of its two p53 alleles. If this cell sustains DNA damage (e.g., to the HER2 gene), what is likely to happen?

Back 132

It will undergo apoptosis.

It will pause and repair the DNA damage before dividing.

Front 133

Which of the following is true of mutations?

Back 133

They may be advantageous.

They may cause harm.

They create new alleles in a population.

Front 134

A cell that sustains an activating mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene that makes it always active would be expected to:

Back 134

stop at checkpoints, even in the absence of DNA damage.

Front 135

Which of the following behaviors can help reduce the risk of developing mutations?

Back 135

avoiding exposure to pesticides

not smoking

avoiding meats that have been char-grilled at high temperatures

wearing highly protective sunscreen

Front 136

Which of the following combinations of mutations is the most likely to convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell?

Back 136

two mutated p53 alleles, two mutated BRCA1 alleles, one activated allele of HER2

Front 137

The normal form of the BRCA1 protein is protective because BRCA1 protein:

Back 137

helps cells repair damaged DNA during the cell cycle

Front 138

a cancerous tumor that spreads through the body

Back 138

malignant tumor

Front 139

a gene that codes for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. when these genes mutate, they lose normal function

Back 139

tumor suppressor gene

Front 140

a gene that codes for a protein that helps cell divide normally

Back 140

proto-oncogenes

Front 141

In prokaryotic cells gene expression is inherently different than gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Why

Back 141

Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell.

Front 142

a genetically engineered gene

Back 142

recombinant gene

Front 143

the process of assembling new genes with novel combinations of regulatory and coding sequences

Back 143

genetic engineering

Front 144

a treatment that aims to cure human disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones

Back 144

gene therapy

Front 145

the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein production

Back 145

regulatory sequence

Front 146

the RNA copy of the original DNA sequence made during transcription

Back 146

messenger RNA

Front 147

the set of rules relating particular mRNA codons to particular amino acids

Back 147

genetic code

Front 148

a sequence of DNa that contains the info to make at least one protein

Back 148

gene

Front 149

a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells

Back 149

ribosome

Front 150

the enzyme that carries out transcription

Back 150

RNA polymerase

Front 151

the part of a tRNA molecule that bind to a complementary mRNA codon

Back 151

anticodon

Front 152

the part of the gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Back 152

coding sequence

Front 153

an organism that carries out one or more genes from a different species

Back 153

transgenic

Front 154

a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence

Back 154

DNA profile

Front 155

a single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins (located in the nuclei)

Back 155

chromosome

Front 156

building block, or monomer, of a nucleic acid

Back 156

nucleotide

Front 157

a laboratory technique used to replicate, and thus amplify, a specific DNA segment

Back 157

polymerase chain reaction

Front 158

a lab technique that separates fragments of DNA by size

Back 158

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Front 159

one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

Back 159

genome