Exam 2 Psy 383

Front 1

Stress is a _____ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

Back 1

positive physical

negative physical

positive emotional

negative emotional

Front 2

Stressful events are called _____.

Back 2

Stressors

Front 3

Most definitions of stress focus on _____.

Back 3

The relationship between a person and the environment

Front 4

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____.

Back 4

meaning of the event

Front 5

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____.

Back 5

personal resources

Front 6

Selye's (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated _____ responses to stress.

Back 6

adrenocortical

Front 7

General adaptation syndrome stages

Back 7

The first stage is the alarm stage, which provides a burst of energy. In the second stage, known as the resistance stage, the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. The last stage is known as the exhaustion stage because energy is depleted.

Front 8

According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model _____.

Back 8

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress

Front 9

One of the criticisms of Selye's model concerns the fact that _____ produce the same endocrinological responses.

Back 9

not all stressors

Front 10

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is _____.

Back 10

oxytocin

Front 11

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by _____.

Back 11

estrogen

Front 12

Animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

Back 12

oxytocin

Front 13

Name the four most important pathways by which stress affects health (In order)

Back 13

Four routes: physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and health care- represent the most important pathways by which stress affects health

Front 14

The adrenal cortex produces _____ in response to stress

Back 14

glucocorticoids

Front 15

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of _____.

Back 15

Cortisol

Front 16

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

Back 16

Reactivity

Front 17

Research suggests that individual differences in reactivity to stress are related to individual differences in _____.

Back 17

acute and chronic illness

Front 18

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a:

Back 18

high allostatic load.

Front 19

A low plasma fibrinogen is an indication of a _____

Back 19

low allostatic load

Front 20

Particularly for women in disadvantaged groups, _____ can endanger human pregnancy.

Back 20

high levels of stress

Front 21

Which of the following situations would be LEAST stressful?

(a) Jill has filed for divorce after 25 years of marriage.

(b) Joe arrives at his first class of the day to find that the professor will administer a pop quiz.

(c) Linda, a full-time college student, learns that she will have to find a second part-time job due to cuts in financial aid packages.

(d) Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Back 21

D

Front 22

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with _____.

Back 22

biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period

Front 23

Studies of vulnerable populations, e.g., children, older adults, exposed to a chronic stressor indicate they _____.

Back 23

exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

Front 24

The _____ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

Back 24

acute stress

Front 25

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals but just before each burst occurs a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

Back 25

acute stress

Front 26

According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it _____.

Back 26

requires adaptation

Front 27

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

(a) Lack of career fulfillment

(b) A significant change in job responsibilities

(c) Questioning one's identity and goals

(d) A religious festival in a neighboring nation

Back 27

B

Front 28

The relationship between scores on the Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory and illness is _____.

Back 28

Modest

Front 29

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory?

Back 29

It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Front 30

Which of the following is an invalid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SRE) inventory?

Back 30

Some of the items on the list are too specific.

Front 31

The occurrence of daily hassles _____.

Back 31

reduces psychological well-being over the short term

Front 32

Hassles are minor life events that _____.

Back 32

have a cumulative effect on health and illness

Front 33

Individuals who are prone to react to stress with _____ report more daily hassles than are those who do not react in this manner.

Back 33

anxiety

Front 34

Risky families are those that _____.

Back 34

are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance

Front 35

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of a _____.

Back 35

chronic stress

Front 36

Chronic stress appears to _____.

Back 36

contribute to psychological distress and physical illness

Front 37

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

Back 37

sustain more health risks

Front 38

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for _____.

Back 38

African American men and women

Front 39

Karoshi is a Japanese term which refers to

Back 39

death from overwork

Front 40

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate different expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of _____.

Back 40

role conflict

Front 41

In one study, air traffic controllers who _____ were more likely to become ill or to experience an accidental injury than their colleagues.

Back 41

had few social contacts

Front 42

The effects of unemployment _____.

Back 42

include psychological and physical symptoms

Front 43

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that _____.

Back 43

combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem

Front 44

Which of the following statements best defines coping?

(a) The information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communications and mutual obligations

(b) The belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes

(c) The modification of how stress is experienced and the impact it has on illness and other aspects of life

(d) The thoughts and behaviors used to manage internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

Back 44

D

Front 45

The relationship between coping and a stressful event is a _____ process.

Back 45

Dynamic

Front 46

Coping is known to have two important aspects. Which of the following is the second important aspect of coping?

Back 46

Breadth of emotional reactions

Front 47

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are:

(a) more likely to have a disease-prone personality.

(b) more likely to seek out medical care when they are fatally ill.

(c) more likely to reject medical treatments that cure terminal diseases.

(d) more likely to create a false impression of good health.

Back 47

A

Front 48

Neuroticism coupled with social inhibition and isolation is usually referred to as the _____ personality.

Back 48

Typed D

Front 49

According to Scheier, Weintraub, and Carver, optimists cope more effectively in stressful situations because they are likely to use _____ coping strategies.

(a) proactive

(b) emotional approach

(c) problem-focused

(d) emotion-focused

Back 49

C

Front 50

Psychological control is a belief that:

Back 50

one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes.Correct

Front 51

When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience:

(a) long-term physical conditions.

(b) short-term psychological problems.

(c) long-term psychological problems.

(d) short-term physiological conditions.

Back 51

D

Front 52

M. F. Scheier, C. S. Carver, and M. W. Bridges developed a scale of dispositional optimism to:

(a) measure affectivity from familial relationships.

(b) measure indirect social relationships.

(c) measure coping strategies.

(d) measure pervasive individual differences.

Back 52

D

Front 53

Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. Also, he teaches her a relaxation technique that she could use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ intervention.

(a) control-enhancing

(b) informational support

(c) expressive-writing

(d) tangible assistance

Back 53

A

Front 54

High self-esteem is closely related to:

(a) higher levels of defense mechanisms.

(b) poor health behaviors.

(b) higher levels of stress indicators.

(c) lower levels of HPA axis activity.

Back 54

D

Front 55

It is found that cheerful people die sooner than those who are not cheerful. This may be because:

Back 55

they grow up being more careless about their health and encounter health risks.

Front 56

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the _____ personality.

Back 56

Health-prone

Front 57

_____ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event.

Back 57

Secondary Control

Front 58

People that are most likely to benefit from control-based interventions are those who:

(a) have self-control

(b) have no personal control

(c) dislike having control

(d) desire having control.

Back 58

D

Front 59

According to a survey, nearly half the people in the United States were found using _____ to deal with their health problems.

Back 59

Prayer

Front 60

_____ is the ability to bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations.

Back 60

Resilence

Front 61

_____ is defined as involving efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

Back 61

emotion-focused coping

Front 62

Which of the following is a reason for people to use emotional approach coping?

(a) It is more useful in the long-term than in coping with daily life stressors.

(b) It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity.

(c) It provokes the stress regulatory system.

(d) It is especially beneficial for men.

Back 62

B- It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity.

Front 63

People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by _____ reappraisal.

Back 63

Positive

Front 64

Which of the following is assessed by the Brief COPE?

(a) Inflammatory responses to relaxation therapies

(b) Health effects of emotional disclosure

(c) Commonly used coping styles for managing stressful events

(d) Potential costs of receiving social support and enhancing emotional support

Back 64

C

Front 65

____ can undermine defensive reactions to health threats.

(a) Self-actualization

(b) Self-control

(c) Self-affirmation

(d) Self-reliance

Back 65

C- Self-affirmation

Front 66

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to:

Back 66

change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment.

Front 67

tress management programs typically involve _____ phases.

Back 67

3

Front 68

In the self-monitoring phase of the CSN program, students are trained to:

Back 68

observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful.Correct

Front 69

_____ forces a person to distinguish among stressful events that need to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome.

(a) Goal setting

(b) Time management

(c) Relaxation training

(d) Self-instruction

Back 69

(a) Goal setting

Front 70

Recording negative self-statements or irrational thoughts that accompany the stressful experience usually occur in the _____ phase of the Combat Stress Now program.

(a) acquiring skills

(b) completing take-home assignments

(c) engaging in positive self-talk and self instruction

(d) setting new goals

Back 70

B- completing take-home assignments

Front 71

_____ helps people to set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore.

(a) Self-instruction

(b) Emotional support

(c) Time management

(d) Tangible assistance

Back 71

C- Time management

Front 72

_____ involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

(a) Emotional support

(b) Tangible assistance

(c) Invisible support

(d) Informational assistance

Back 72

B- Tangible assistance

Front 73

A patient with AIDS decides to approach his friend, who is a health therapist, for treatment. He feels that the therapist helps him in ways that his family is unable to. The therapist helps him in finding ways to cope with the disease and the resulting social pressures. This is an example of _____.

(a) psychological control

(b) informational support

(c) tangible assistance

(d) emotional support

Back 73

B- Informational support

Front 74

The assurance that a person is a valuable individual who is cared for is characteristic of _____.

(a) emotional support

(b) tangible assistance

(c) invisible support

(d) informational assistance

Back 74

A- emotional support

Front 75

Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront the stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using _____ training.

(a) promotional

(b) relaxation

(c) remedial

(d) assertiveness

Back 75

D- assertiveness

Front 76

Invisible support is when:

Back 76

One receives help from another but is unaware of it

Front 77

Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the _____ system.

Back 77

endocrine

Front 78

The _____ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times.

(a) matching

(b) working

(c) buffering

(d) direct effects

Back 78

D- direct effects

Front 79

According to Ditzen, Hoppman, and Klumb, which of the following is one of the best protectors against stress?

(a) Having a pet

(b) Being unmarried

(c) Having children

(d) A satisfying marriage

Back 79

D-A satisfying marriage

Front 80

Different kinds of stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. This is called the _____.

(a) direct effects hypothesis

(b) buffering hypothesis

(c) matching hypothesis

(d) working hypothesis

Back 80

C

Front 81

Negative and competitive social interactions are associated with:

(a) chronic inflammation

(b) lower levels of inflammation

(c) normal levels of inflammation

(d) higher levels of inflammation.

Back 81

D- higher levels of inflammation

Front 82

_____ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

Back 82

Overly intrusive

Front 83

Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be _____.

(a) inhibited

(b) painful

(c) adaptive

(d) maladaptive

Back 83

Adaptive

Front 84

When an individual grows up in a harsh family, he or she displays:

(a) resilience in handling relationships during old age.

(b) greater coping mechanisms in stressful situations during adulthood.

(c) a risk of developing chronic illnesses during childhood.

(d) stronger inflammatory response to stress in adolescence.

Back 84

D

Front 85

Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in _____.

Back 85

Primary prevention

Front 86

Relationships that produce _____ can compromise health.

(a) dissent

(b) ambivalence

(c) conjecture

(d) synergy

Back 86

B- ambivalence (the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.)

Front 87

Coping efforts are considered to be successful if:

(a) they provoke the stress regulatory system.

(b) they increase physiological indicators of arousal.

(c) they restrict a person from performing desired activities.

(d) they reduce psychological distress.

Back 87

D