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111 Cards in this Set
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Definition: the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span *involves growth as well as decline brought on by age and dying |
DEVELOPMENT |
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Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. |
LIFE-SPAN APPROACH |
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What is the life expectancy in the US? |
78 years of age |
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Development has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions |
Multidimensional approach |
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People can be affected in different ways from different directions-example: a child learning a language easily at a young age and having trouble at a later age |
Multidirectional approach |
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Capacity for change-ability to bounce back/change |
Plasticity |
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Various disciplines -psychology, sociology, anthropology- all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development |
Multidisciplinary approach |
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All development occurs within a context or setting-including families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, and so on. |
Contextual |
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common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. Ex: baby boomers experienced Cuban missile crisis, the Beatles, and Kennedy assasination |
Normative history graded |
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Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people-ex: death of a parent, pregnancy, winning the lottery |
Nonnormative life event |
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Definition: The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation |
Culture |
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Produces changes in an individuals physical nature. Genes inherited from parents, development of brain, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills hormonal changes are all what type of process that affect development? |
Biological processes and development |
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changes in the individuals thought, intelligence, and language. Putting together a sentence, memorizing a poem, solving a crossword puzzle all involve what type of processes? |
Cognitive processes |
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Prenatal period |
conception to birth |
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Infancy |
birth to 18-24 months |
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Toddler |
1 1/2 to 3 years old |
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Early childhood |
3-5 years old |
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Middle and late childhood |
6-11 years old |
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Adolesence |
10 to 12 years old - 18-21 years old |
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Early adulthood |
early twenties through your thirties |
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Middle adulthood |
40-60 years old |
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Late adulthood |
60's or 70's until death *longest span of life |
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growth from single cell to complete organism in 9 months |
prenatal period |
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time of extreme dependance on adults, psychological activities are just beginning |
Infancy |
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A transitional period between infancy and next period |
toddler |
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the preschool years, spend many hours playing with peers, become more self sufficient and develop readiness skills |
early childhood |
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Time that corresponds to the elementary school years, master reading, writing, and arithmetic |
Middle and late childhood |
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Time of rapid physical changes, changes in body contour, pursuit of independence and identity are preeminent . Thought is more logical and abstract. More time spent outside of the family |
Adolescence |
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Time of establishing personal and economical independence, advancing a career, selecting a mate, starting a family |
Middle adulthood |
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Time of review, retirement, adjusting to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health. |
Late adulthood |
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Definition: an individuals adaptive capacities compared with those of the same chronological age |
Psychological age |
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Definition: the number of years that have elapsed since birth |
Chronological age |
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Influence of genes that we inherit |
Nature |
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The environmental influences such as family, school, community |
Nurture |
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Definition: specific assertions and predictions that can be tested |
Hypothesis |
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5 stages of Freud's psychosexual stages |
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and genital |
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According to this theorist, eight stages unfold as we go through life and each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved |
Erikson's theory of development |
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Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational |
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development |
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A theory that suggests a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development *social interaction with adults is indispensable |
Vygotsky's theory |
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A theory that states through operant conditioning the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence. Rewarding stimulus is more likely to occur and punishing stimulus less likely to occur |
Skinner's theory-operant conditioning |
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Enviornmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem |
Brofenbrenner's ecological theory |
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What are the 3 types of research? |
Descriptive, correlational, and experimental |
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Experimental vs control groups |
Experimental is a group whose experience can be manipulated. Control group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared. |
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A research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages |
Cross-sectional approach |
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A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more |
Longitudinal approach |
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A research these effect are due to a persons time of birth, era, or generation, but not to actual age |
Cohort effects |
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A preconceived notion about the abilities of women and men that prevented individuals from pursuing their own interests |
Gender bias |
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DEF: using an ethnic label such as african-american or latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it really is. Ex: mexicans being classified as latinos |
Ethnic gloss |
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A naturalist that argued that survivors are better adapted to their world than non survivors and had a strong view on evolution. |
Charles Darwin |
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Def: emphasizes importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior |
Evolutionary psychology |
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DEF: concept of evolutionary psychology to understand human development. Ex: extended childhood period may have evolved because humans require longer to develop a large brain |
Evolutionary developmental psychology |
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Def: Information that helps us grow from a single cell to a person made of trillions of cells |
Genetic code |
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DEF: a complex molecule that has a double helix shape like a spiral staircase and contains genetic information |
DNA |
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DEF: units of hereditary information, short segments of DNA Help cells reproduce themselves and and assemble proteins |
Genes |
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Ova and sperm are referred to as what? |
Gametes |
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Cellular reproduction in which the cells's nucleus reproduce duplicates itself with two new cells being formed. Each cell contains same DNA as parent cell |
Mitosis |
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How many pairs of chromosomes do we have ? |
23 |
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Def: when sperm and egg fertilize and fuze into a single cell -it is called what ? |
A zygote |
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Chromosomes and sex determination |
Females have 2 X chromosomes and males have XY -presence of a y chromosome makes a person male rather than female -difference is found on the 23rd pair |
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Identical/monozygotic twins |
Have same genotype -single zygote that splits into same identical replica |
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Fraternal/dizygotic twins |
2 ova, 2 sperms -only have half of their genes in common -2 zygotes, different sperm, genetically no more in common than with regular siblings |
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Def: makes the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age |
Longevity genes |
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The physical expression of someone gene's -observable characteristics |
Phenotype |
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DEF: one pair of genes that always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene |
Dominant-recessive genes |
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When the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene. Chemical process prevents one member of the gene from expressing itself |
genetic imprinting |
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An extra copy of chromosome 21 |
Downs syndrome |
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An extra X chromosome that causes physical abnormalities. Occurs in males making them XXY instead of XY. Have underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts and become tall |
Klinefelter syndrome |
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Genetic disorder that results from abnormality in the X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks |
Fragile X syndrome |
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A genetic disorder which an individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine |
Phenylketonouria (PKU) |
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*gene linked abnormality- delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding |
Hemophelia |
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A neurological condition in which the infants head is smaller than heads of other children and may cause developmental issues |
Microencephaly |
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A disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join |
Placenta |
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What are the risks of IVF? |
multiples and low birth weight |
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A social and legal process that establishes a parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth |
Adoption |
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The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and developments |
Behavior genetics |
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Occurs because biological parents who are genetically related to the child provide a rearing environment for the child. |
Passive genotype-environment correlations |
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A child's unique experiences both within the family and outside the family that are not shared with a sibling. |
Nonshared environmental experiences |
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A view that states development reflects an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment |
Epigenetic view |
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What is the length of prenatal development ? |
Between 266 and 280 days |
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What are the 3 periods of prenatal devlopment? |
Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal |
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How long does the germinal period last? |
from conception to 2 weeks |
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How long does the embryonic period last ? |
2-8 weeks after conception |
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How long does the fetal period last? |
from 2 months of conception to birth (about 7 months long) |
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DEF: an inner mass of cells that will eventually develop into the embryo |
Blastocysts |
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The (embyros) middle layer, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system |
Mesoderm |
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What are the 3 life support systems of the embryo? |
Amnion, umbilical cord, and placenta |
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A clear fluid which the developing embryo floats |
Amniotic fluid |
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What is the measurement of the fetus at end of fourth month? |
6 inches |
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What is the age of viability ? |
22 weeks |
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What is the average weight and length of baby born in US ? |
7.5 pounds and 20 inches |
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How many neurons do we have on average when we are born? |
100 billion |
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What is the definition of a teratogen? |
an agent that can cause birth defects or alter behavioral and cognitive outcomes |
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Which of the 3 prenatal periods is baby most at risk from teratogens? |
embryonic |
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What is the recommended alcohol intake during pregnancy? |
not recommended |
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What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy? |
-preterm low birth rates -fetal and neonatal deaths -respiratory problems -SIDS |
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What are the effects of heroin during pregnancy? |
Withdrawal symptoms, tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control |
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A disease that can cause prenatal defects; including spontaneous abortion and stillbirth |
Rubella (german measles) |
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What are the effects of genital herpes during delivery? |
one third die, one fourth become brain damaged, possible infection of the infant |
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What are the effects of breast feeding and AIDS ? |
A mother can pass AIDS to her baby through her breast milk-a problem in developing countries |
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What are some of the issues for women with gestational diabetes? |
Very large infants, infants are at risk for diabetes themselves. |
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Effects of poor eating habits on fetus |
Malnourished mothers-malformed baby obeses mom-baby with hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications, infections in mom, preterm delivery |
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What are effects of second hand smoke on fetus? |
miscarriage, low birth weight, early birth, learning defects, and SIDS |
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How many stages are there in the birth process? |
3 stages |
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DEF: a regional anesthesia that numbs the women's body from the waist down |
Epidural block |
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What is it called when the baby's butt is first to come out? |
Breech position |
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DEF: when the baby is removed surgically from mom's uterus |
Cesarean section |
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What is the Apgar Test? |
used to assess baby's health at one and five minutes after birth. Tests; heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability |
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DEF: typically performed within 24 hours to 36 hours after birth. Also used as a sensitivity index of neurological competence, reflexes, and reaction to people and objects |
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale |
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when is a baby considered premature, if born before which week in pregnancy? |
37 weeks |
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What percent of preterm children are enrolled in special education? |
50 percent |
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What is kangaroo care? |
Skin to skin contact held against parents bare chest |
