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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RESEARCH
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Formalized process of
systematic investigation designed to test a research question or hypothesis and draw conclusions from collected data. |
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"TRANSLATIONAL" Research
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conducting research to expand a profession's knowledge base.
Forms the bridge between theory and practice. Also refered to as "bench-side to bedside" process. |
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NURSING RESEARCH
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A systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in
nursing practice and into the modalities of client care, such as support & comfort, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, health education, health appraisal, and coordination of healthcare. |
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EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)
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An approach to healthcare that realizes that
pathophysiologic reasoning and personal experience are necessary, but not sufficient, for making decisions, in which the clinician uses current research to help guide client care decisions Advocates of e-b medicine (EBM) argue tht medical decisions should be based, as much as possible, on a firm foundation of high-grade scientific evedence |
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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Involves the systematic collection of
numeric information (data), usually under conditions of considerable control, and the analysis of that information using statistical procedures. Test theories & hypotheses. Use deductive reasoning, logic, and mesurable attributes of human experience. |
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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Involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective narrative materials, using procedures which there tends to be a minimum of researcher-imposed control.
Use dynamic, individual aspects of human experience in a holistic approach. |
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RESEARCH REVIEWS
(quantitative research) |
Research results from several studies combined in an easy to read format (Cochrane reviews).
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PEER REVIEWED
(quantitative research) |
A research article that has been critiqued by experienced researchers who are experts in that field prior to publishing.
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RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (RCT)
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Random selection to a treatment group and a control group
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THEORY
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A set of interrelated constructs or propositions that attempts to present or explain some phenomenon systematically.
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What is the difference in Focus between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative focus on relatively small number of specific concepts.
Qualitative attempts to understand entirety of some phenomena rather than specific concepts. |
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What is the difference in Initial Concept between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative begins with preconceived data on how concepts are interrelated.
Qualitative has few preconceived ideas; stresses on impt of ppl's interpretation of events & circumstances. |
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What is the difference in Method between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative use structured procedures & formal instruments to collect info.
Qualitative collects info w/o formal, structured instruments. |
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What is the difference in Controls between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative collects info under controlled conditions.
Qualitative does not attempt to control the context of the research. |
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What is the difference in Objectivity vs Subjectivity between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative objectively collect & analyze info.
Qualitative capitalize on subjective data for understanding & interpreting human experiences. |
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What is the difference in Analysis between Quantitative & Qualitative Research?
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Quantitative analyze numeric data through statistical procedure.
Qualitative analyze narrative info in an organized but intuitive way. |
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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Manipulated as it has the presumed effect on the dependent variable.
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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Modified by the independent variable or the consequence or presumed effect that varies as changes occur in the independent variable.
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INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS (IRB)
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A committee that has been formally designated to
approve, monitor, amd review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects. |
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ANONYMITY
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protection of the subject so that not even the researcher can link the subject with the information provided.
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CONFIDENTIALITY
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ensures subjects' identities will not be linked with the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged.
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META-ANALYSIS
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Systematic Reviews - provide the strongest type of evidence
authors attempt to find all research on a topic combine the research into a single analysis - systematic reviews are different from review articles. systematic reviews that combine the results of several studies using qualitative statistics |
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RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
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Participants are randomly placed into an experimental group or a control group.
Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to an experiemental or control group to reduce potential bias. ex. Used to measure effectiveness of a drug therapy |
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COHORT STUDY
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An observational, prospective or retrospective study.
Involves 2 groups (cohorts) one that recieved exposure of interest and one that did not. |
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Difference between RCT and Cohort Study
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RCT are experimental & randomized
while cohort studies are observational |
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CASE-CONTROL STUDY
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Oberservational, retrospective study
Involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest and control patients with the same outcome, looking back to see if they had exposure of interest. Rely on people's memories, prone to error. |
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CASE SERIES
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Descriptive report on a series of patients with an outcome of interest.
No control group is involved. Weak evidence. Often the basis of future research using strong evidence study designs. |
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EDITORIALS and EXPERT OPINION
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Clinical experience, expertise and judgment of a respected healthcare professional.
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List Steps to RESEARCH PROCESS
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1. Problem Identification
2. Formulation of problem statement 3. Proposed research 4. Data management: research design 5. Analysis of results 6. Dissemination of results |
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systematic reviews
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use explicit methods to identify,select, and critically evaluate relevant research
- minimize the possibility of bias by using explicit criteria for inclusion |
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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR)
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a full-test database containing systematic reviews and protocols (reviews still in progress) of the effects of healthcare interventions
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www.cochrane.org
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healthcare workers and others can access systematic reviews of relevant randomized controlled trials regarding healthcare interventions
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SCIENTIFIC PROCESS & NURSING RESEARCH have these in common
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* identifying what one needs to know or is curious about
* deciding the approach to seeking the answer * devising a plan * implementing the plan * assessing the evidence |
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Between 1900-1940
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research in nursing entered on education, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluating how nurses learned
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1950's
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more masters programs emerged
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1960's
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Federal funding for graduate study and research expanded
- the federally funded Nurse Scientist Training Program provided support for nurses to obtain doctorates (PhD's) |
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Dr. Moyra Allen
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@ Gill University started the first Canadian nursing research journal, Nursing Papers, later renamed the Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
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NINR
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National Center for Nursing Research was established under the NIH - National Institutes of Health
- established to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, disease prevention, and the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities |
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ANA Cabinet on Nursing Researches 11 Priorities for Nursing Research
1-6 |
1 - Promote health, well-being, and ability to care for oneself among all age, social, and cultural groups.
2 - Minimize or prevent behaviorally and environmentally induced health problems that compromise the quality of life and reduce productivity. 3 - Minimize the negative effects of new health technologies on the adaptive abilities of individuals and families experiencing acute or chronic health problems. 4 - Ensure that the care needs of particularly vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, children with congenital health problems, individuals from diverse cultures, mentally ill people, and the poor, are met in effective and acceptable ways. 5 - Classify nursing practice phenomena. 6 - Ensure that principles of ethics guide nursing research. |
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ANA Cabinet on Nursing Researches 11 Priorities for Nursing Research
7-11 |
7 - Develop instruments to measure nursing outcomes.
8 - Develop integrative methodologies for the holistic study of human beings as they relate to their families and lifestyles. 9 - Design and evaluate alternative models for delivering healthcare and for administering healthcare systems so that nurses will be able to balance high quality and cost-effectiveness when meeting the nursing needs of identified populations. 10 - Evaluate the effectiveness of alternative approaches to nursing education for the kind of practice that requires broad knowledge and a wide repertoire of skills and for the kind of practice that requires specialized knowledge and a focused set of skills. 11 - Identify and analyze historical and contemporary factors that influence the shaping of nursing professionals' involvement in national health policy development. |
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Diers (1979) listed four properties of nursing research and how to maintain a holistic perspective:
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The focus of nursing research must be on a variance that makes a difference in improving client care. * Nursing research has the potential for contributing to the development of theory and the body of scientific nursing knowledge. * A research problem is a nursing research problem when nurses have access to and control over the phenomena being studied. * A nurse interested in research must have an inquisitive, curious, and questioning mind. |
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the research process
Problem Identification Area |
The nurses note the differences in methods and speculate about other factors that might contribute to the ultimate adoption of the current protocol.
Taking the opportunity to question and investigate can lead to problem identification and research-based practice. |
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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the process of selecting published materials that have relevance to the potential research. Doing such a review helps the researcher find out what is already known about the subject and prevents duplication of effort if the subject is already well studied. In addition, it helps illuminate what gaps in knowledge exist in the subject area and can point the way for new research directions.
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Review of Scientific Research
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Untested theories are good starts for nursing research.
Critical appraisal of the scientific literature may lead nurses to speculate about a problem area, particularly if the literature is in conflict or is inconsistent with their own practice. Lit. Review must be systematic and exhaustive. An extensive Lit. review allows researchers to place current ideas in the context of previous work |
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
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identifies the direction that a research project will take
should be clear and unambiguous, express a relationship between two or more variables, identify the population to be studied, and encourage empiric testing |
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RESEARCH DESIGN
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the overall plan for the collection and analysis of the data
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5 ANA HUMAN RIGHTS GUIDELINES
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self-determinism, privacy and dignity, anonymity and confidentiality, fair treatment, and protection from discomfort and harm—apply to all people involved in research projects and continue to be the standard 20 years later
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Ethical and Legal Issues
Subject Rights |
The first statement of the Nuremberg code, developed in 1949, addresses the rights of research subjects. Voluntary consent; the right to withdraw from investigations at any time without penalty; protection from physical and mental suffering, injury, disability, and death; and a balance between benefits and risks are paramount
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HIPAA
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in 1996 the United States federal government enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). A key federal regulation covered under HIPAA is the Privacy Rule that outlines the handling of protected health information (PHI) by certain healthcare groups. The Privacy Rule pertains to those who conduct research in that it outlines the rules for the usage and access to PHI when conducting research
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AHCPR
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The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) was established in December 1989 under Public Law 101-239 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989). AHCPR, a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the lead agency charged with supporting research designed to improve the quality of healthcare, reduce its cost, and broaden access to essential services
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applying research to practice
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nurses should view the contents of published studies with some degree of skepticism before adopting them to the clinical setting in which they function because the research may not be directly applicable to their situation
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