Essentials Of Psychology: Concepts And Applications Chapter 8

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

factors that activate, direct and sustain goal directed behavior

Front 2

Motives

Back 2

"whys" of behavior, needs or wants that drive behavior and explain why we do what we do

Front 3

Instinctive Behaviors

Back 3

fixed, inborn patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species

Front 4

Instinct Theory

Back 4

behavior is motivated by inborn patterns of response; e.g. Freud - sexual/aggressive instincts; William James 37 instincts (e.g. curiosity, sucking, cleanliness); McDougall (1908) 10,000 instincts

Front 5

Drive Theory

Back 5

(Clark Hull) biological needs demand satisfaction (e.g. food, water, sleep); based on homeostasis,

Front 6

Need

Back 6

state of deprivation or deficiency

Front 7

Drive

Back 7

state of bodily tension arising from an unmet need (e.g. hunger, thirst)

Front 8

Drive Reduction

Back 8

satisfaction of a drive

Front 9

Primary Drive

Back 9

inborn biological bodily tensions; e.g. sexual desire, thirst

Front 10

Secondary Drive

Back 10

bodily tensions that are the result of experience; e.g. drive to accumulate wealth

Front 11

Stimulus Motives

Back 11

innate biologically based needs for exploration and activity; (Harlow, 1950)

Front 12

Arousal Theory

Back 12

whenever the level of stimulation varies from optimal level, an organism will seek to bring in back; optimal level of arousal varies between people

Front 13

Sensation Seeker

Back 13

those with need for high arousal level

Front 14

Incentive Theory

Back 14

attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of behavior (pull versus push of drive theory)

Front 15

Incentives

Back 15

rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act

Front 16

Incentive Value

Back 16

strength of pull that a goal or reward exerts on our behavior; manipulated by marketers to increase sales

Front 17

Psychosocial Needs

Back 17

also called interpersonal needs such as the need for affiliation (to be with others)

Front 18

Need for Achievement

Back 18

psychosocial need to excel at what we do

Front 19

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 19

desire for external rewards (money, respect, fame); means to an end

Front 20

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 20

desire for internal gratification (self-satisfaction or pleasure felt from achieving goal); goal is the end itself

Front 21

Achievement Motivation

Back 21

desire to achieve success ; seen in those encouraged as children toward independence and trying difficult tasks

Front 22

Avoidance Motivation

Back 22

desire to avoid failure

Front 23

Hierarchy of Needs

Back 23

Maslow (1943, 1970) physiological (e.g. hunger), safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self actualisation; Maslow theorised that we are motivated to meet lower needs first but this is not always true (fasting to achieve spiritual insight); same behavior may reflect multiple needs

Front 24

Self Actualization

Back 24

the motive that drives individuals to express their unique capabilities and fulfill their potentials

Front 25

Cognitive Needs

Back 25

additionally proposed by Maslow as need to know, understand and explore

Front 26

Aesthetic Needs

Back 26

additionally proposed by Maslow as need for beauty symmetry and order

Front 27

Self Transcendence

Back 27

additionally proposed by Maslow as need to connect to something beyond the self and help others realize their own potential

Front 28

Biological Sources of Motivation

Back 28

instincts, needs and drives, stimulus motives and optimal level of arousal

Front 29

Psychological Sources of Motivation

Back 29

Incentives, psychosocial needs

Front 30

Process of Getting Hungry and Full Again

Back 30

blood sugar level drops, fat released from fat cells, lateral hypothalamus detects changes and triggers feelings of hunger that motivates eating, eating raises blood sugar, replenishes fat cells, ventromedial hypothalamus signals satiety

Front 31

Lateral Hypothalamus

Back 31

part of brain involved in turning on eating

Front 32

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Back 32

part of brain involved in feelings of satiety

Front 33

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Back 33

works on hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and eating; released by the brain when eating hasn't happened for a while

Front 34

Leptin

Back 34

a hormone released by fat cells in the body acting to curb hunger

Front 35

Obesity / Overweight Statistics in the U.S.

Back 35

1 in 7 adults severely; 1 in 3 children and teens either/or

Front 36

Reasons for Obesity

Back 36

too many calories, too little exercise, high fat/calorie food; portion sizes; some genetic factors; low basal metabolic (at rest) rate; behavioural patterns, emotional cues

Front 37

Risks of Obesity

Back 37

cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, cancer, premature death (6-7 years off of life expectancy)

Front 38

Set Point Theory

Back 38

brains regulation of weight around genetically predetermined level; metabolic rate slowed after weight loss

Front 39

Dangers of Anorexia

Back 39

cardiovascular problems (irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure), gastrointestinal problems (chronic constipation, abdominal pain); loss of menstruation, death due to suicide or medical complications

Front 40

Dangers of Bulimia

Back 40

potassium deficiencies, tooth decay (from stomach acid), severe constipation from overuse of laxatives

Front 41

Gender Identity

Back 41

sense of maleness or femaleness

Front 42

Sexual Orientation

Back 42

direction of erotic attraction

Front 43

Gender Roles

Back 43

behaviours designated by society deemed appropriate for men and women

Front 44

Sexual Response Cycle

Back 44

a body's response to sexual stimulation in 4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Front 45

Vasocongestion

Back 45

pooling of blood in bodily tissues

Front 46

Sexual Dysfunction

Back 46

persistent problems in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm

Front 47

Biological Causes of Sexual Dysfunction

Back 47

neurological or circulatory conditions (diabetes, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, epilepsy, complications from surgery (prostate surgery), medication side effects, hormonal problems (testosterone deficiencies)

Front 48

Psychological Causes of Sexual Dysfunction

Back 48

negative attitudes toward sex in family of origin, failure to communicate sexual preferences to partner, relationship problems, rape, sexual trauma, (performance) anxiety, premature ejaculation

Front 49

Emotions

Back 49

feeling states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive and behavioral components;consist of bodily arousal, cognitions and expressed behaviors; complex feeling states that infuse our lives with color;

Front 50

Display Rules

Back 50

customs and social norms used to regulate the expression or display of emotion in a given culture

Front 51

Factors Influencing Happiness

Back 51

marriage; friends; religion; genetics

Front 52

Kinds of Human Happiness

Back 52

pleasure of doing things, gratification, meaning (finding personal fulfillment)

Front 53

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 53

mimicking the facial movements associated with an emotion will induce emotion in self