Essentials Of Psychology: Concepts And Applications

Front 1

Define neuron

Back 1

basic building blocks of the nervous system - the body's wiring through which messages are transmitted within the nervous system

Front 2

parts of the neuron

Back 2

dendrites - receive messages (neurotransmitters)

cell body (soma) - contains the nucleus & carries out the cell's metabolic functions

axon - tubelike part carries messages away from the soma

terminal buttons - neurotransmitters are dispatched from here into the synapse

Front 3

How neurons communicate

Back 3

neurotransmitters released from axon carry messages across the synapse link into receptor sites, docking stations, which receive the neurotransmitters

Front 4

resting and action potential

Back 4

resting neuron is negatively charged surrounded by positive ions. When there is a change in the charge it fires, spikes, and sends off a message using the positive ions that entered.

Front 5

refractory period

Back 5

recovery after a spike when positive ion are using to balance back to normal and enter resting waiting for next

Front 6

dopamine

Back 6

neurotransmitter - controls muscle contractions & involve learning, memory & emotions

Front 7

seratonin

Back 7

plays a key roles in regulation of mood states, feelings of satiety or fullness after a meal, sleep, and processes that curb impulsive behaviors

Front 8

GABA

Back 8

helps regulate nervous system activity by preventing neurons from overly exciting their neighbors

Front 9

glutamate

Back 9

maintains states of arousal in the central nervous system & it is also involved in hearing

Front 10

endorphins

Back 10

help deaden pain & produce feelings of pleasure or well-being

Front 11

antagonists vs agonist

Back 11

ant - block the actions of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites where they dock

agon - increase the availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters or mimic their actions

Front 12

three types of neurons

Back 12

sensory, motor, interneurons

Front 13

organization of nervous system

Back 13

central - brain and spinal cord

peripheral - nerves that link the central to sensory organs, glands, muscles

see pg. 50

Front 14

function of central nervous system

Back 14

a master control system that regulates everything in your body heart beats, eye movement, higher mental processes (thinking & reasoning)

Front 15

purpose of peripheral nervous system

Back 15

a constant flow of info received from internal organs & sensory receptors, and the ability to convey info to the muscles & glands that the central nervous system controls

Front 16

somatic vs autonomic nervous systems

Back 16

in the PNC

som - transmits msgs (sensory & motor neurons) from CNS to sensory organs & muscles and regulates subtle movements that maintain posture & balanace

auto - controls heartbeat, respiration, digestion& dilation (automatic) 2 parts: sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system

Front 17

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

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sym - speeds up bodily processes & draws energy from stored reserves (alarm system)

para - fosters bodily processes, such as digestion that replenish stores of energy, slows down heart rate (used when relaxing or digesting a meal.

Front 18

hindbrain (lowest part)

Back 18

purpose - controls basic life-support functions as breathing & heart rate

medulla - heartrate & breathing, swallowing, coughing & sneezing (brain stem & marrow)

pons - nerve fibers that conduct info from cord to lower parts to mid and fore, regulates states of wakefulness & sleep

cerebellum - controls balance & coordination, injury can lead to difficulties in initiating voluntary movements such as lifting arm

Front 19

midbrain (brainstem)

Back 19

control automatic movements of the eye muscles eyes to stay focused when head moves,

contains nerve pathways that connect hind to fore, reticular formation weblike network of neurons from hind through mid into fore - regulates states of attention, alertness, & arousal, screens visual & auditory info filtering irrelevant info but allowing important info to reach the higher processing even when asleep

Front 20

Forebrain (largest)

Back 20

higher mental functions - thinking, problem solving, use of language, planning & memory

thalamus -

hypothalamus -

limbic system -

cerebral cortex -

Front 21

thalamus

Back 21

relay station in middle pair of eggs, route info from sense receptors for touch, vision, hearing, & taste (not smell) to processing center in cerebral cortex, regulates states of sleep & wakefulness, input from basal ganglia ( cluster of nerves regulates voluntary movement - walking & use of hands

Front 22

hypothalamus

Back 22

regulates bodily functions - hunger, thirst, daily sleep cycles, body temp, response to stress, reproductive processes, emotional states & aggression (endocrine system releases hormones)

Front 23

limbic system

Back 23

interconnected structures (amygdala - triggers emotional response of fear, hippocampus - formation of new memories, parts of the thalamus & hypothalamus) memory & emotional processing

Front 24

cerebral cortex ( upper part of fore)

Back 24

ability to think, use language, calculate, organize & create, thin outer layer of cerebrum ( right & left hemi.), 1/8" thick but 80% of mass, only so large in humans, also states of motivation & emotional arousal

Front 25

corpus callosum

Back 25

connects the hemi. to share and communicate info

Front 26

subcortical structures

Back 26

lie below the cerebral cortex

Front 27

4 parts (lobes) of hemisphere

Back 27

occipital, parietal, frontal & temporal

Front 28

occipital lobe

Back 28

back of head, process visual info (recognize objects & faces)

Front 29

Parietal lobes

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sides, front is matosensory cortex - processes sensory from skin - touch, pressure, temp & pain & from muscles or joints

Front 30

frontal lobe (executive center)

Back 30

makes you "you", memories to make decisions, solve problems, make decisions, plan actions, weigh evidence, & carry out coordinated actions, processing mental states (happiness & sadness)

Front 31

motor cortex

Back 31

controls voluntary movements of specific parts of the, similar to somatosensory cortex - mirror neurons - imitation

Front 32

temporal lobes

Back 32

above ears, process & receive info from ears