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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Russia's energy pathways |
Russia exports a lot of oil to USA & UK. US is the biggest importer.
There are 3 pipelines in Europe: 1 through Ukraine, 1 = Belarus and Poland and one called Nord Stream (through Baltic Sea from North Russia to northern Germany) |
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Russian gas pipelines to Europe (including Nabucco - EU proposed scheme and existing ones) costs |
1. In 2009, 1/4 of the EU's gas came from Russia. 2. EU was fatally reliant of Russian gas, (meaning Russia exerted their power here) 3. Gas price was up = threat 4. Nabucco and the South stream were too costly financially. (Cancelled) 5. Bulgaria is 100% dependent on Russia's gas. (disputes may lead to problem) |
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Britain's energy uses 2015 |
1. 25% of UK's power came from wind, solar, biomass and hydroelectric. 2. They became 8% less dependent on coal since the previous year. (20%) gas: 30% nuclear: 21% oil: 35% |
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Russia's exports to Europe: |
- They are equivalent to 30% of EU's gas needs. - UK produces about 60% of its own gas in the North Sea. |
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Russia and Europes gas pipeline war |
- The Nabucco pipelines 2004 was aimed to reduced the EU's dependency on Russian gas. - Supposed to go through Austria/Turkey to the Caspian region. Russia threatened to bomb the site as it challenged their exports. |
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Saudi Arabia as a big player (oil) |
UAE accounts for 22% of the world's reserves = they have a lot of power when it comes to energy |
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China as a big player (coal) |
China has a lot of coal reserves, they build roughly 2 coal power stations every week. Their coal consumption has doubled since 1900's. - Carbon emissions now exceed the USA. |
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Ukrain and Russia conflict and Bulgaria threats. |
- Russia was demanding 4x as much for the price of gas, but Ukraine failed to pay this price, therefore they got cut off. - Bulgaria: suggested to turn away from R-gas, but they threatened to cut off all gas exports. -also rejected 'SouthStream' = too dependent on unstable Russia. |
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Local variations of energy |
today more than 2.1 billion people are without access to electricity. |
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2 Different Worlds: India and UK |
India: only small % of the population have access to electricity, 70% are rural. Most use wood/dung as fuel = serious health issues.
UK: Almost 5 million rural households not connected to mains gas. Most have to use LPG = more expensive. Winter heating allowance by govt is evidence of energy poverty. |
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Where do we use most of our oil energy? |
Transport takes up half of the world's oil production. This increased because of population/development growth. |
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Peak oil definition and when was it reached in the UK. |
is the point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of oil is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline. UK reached peak oil in 1999, North Sea |
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OPEC role - BIG PLAYERS IN ENERGY |
1. An organisation of oil exporting countries. 12 members.
2. they protect their members. Stabilize oil prices and remove major fluctuations. Ensure a regular supply to consumers. |
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ISSUES with OPEC |
- Accused of holding back production in order to drive oil prices. - OPEC's influence is often weak due to other producers not joined such as Russia/USA. - OPEC holds two thirds of the world's oil reserves. |
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Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) definition. (GREEN TAX) |
is an annual tax on the ownership of road vehicles, frequently referred to as "car tax" |
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India and China competition over energy |
1. growing economies but lack of efficient technology (India). 2. reliance on heavy industry, power is often stolen from system. 3. growing car ownerships. 4. CHINA IS AHEAD OF INDIA. CNPC company made $40bn investments into oil exploration. |
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Stick and Carrot: emissions trading. (Kyoto protocol) |
The Kyoto protocol in 1997 proposed to reduce emissions at an international level. 2005: ratified by 182 countries. Emissions trading is allowing countries that have made greater reductions than set to sell their surplus to countries that are over their target.
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Oil exploration in the Arctic, Alaska. |
US scientists believe that there could be 412 barrels of oil reserves. 12% of the world's oil and 30% of the worlds natural gas which is undiscovered. Shell has invested $6bn but lost $7bn due to ban. |
