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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ENERGY MIX |
Non-renewable (finite), e.g Oil and gas-their exploitation and use will eventually lead to their exhaustion Renewables, e.g solar, wind and wave power- flows of nature which are continuous and can be consistently re-used Recyclable, e.g, reprocessed uranium and plutonium from nuclear power plants and heat recovery systems. |
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EUROPE'S GAS PIPELINE WAR; The European Union and Russia are involved in a battle over a pipeline aimed at diversifying Europe's energy imports |
The Nabucco Pipeline, first planned in 2004, will transport natural gas over 3,000km from the Caspian region to Austria via Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. Starting in 2010 and be completed by 2013 at a cost €8 billion. The Nabucco pipeline will be supplied with gas from Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Egypt and Syria. It will deliver a huge amount of gas, making the EU much less dependent on Russian supplies. Russia's reliability as a supplier has been in doubt since it temporarily shut off the gas supply to Ukraine. |
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Energy supply players OPEC |
OPEC; Organisation of the petroleum exporting countries. A cartel formed in 1960. Co-ordinate petroleum policies among its members to maintain a constant price and supply. It owns 80% of the worlds oil supplies. It is a powerful player in the global energy supply business. It sets oil production quotas for member countries in response to economic growth rtes and demand and supply conditions. |
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Energy supply players |
Peak Oil; estimated to be 2020, prices would increase dramatically. USA; Large scale lobbying, in 2008 $14 million spent on preventing republicans laws going through that support renewable energy.Exxon Mobile has lobbied enough to gain access to natural reserves to search for oil. Increasing Global Demand; India and China are rapidly growing, biggest demand is within transportation costs. Energy use is predicted to double between 2005-2030. |
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CHINA COAL HEP |
Coal; 70% of electricity production, very polluted 3 new coal power stations build every week located in the west used in the east. HEP; The three gorges dam 16% of electricity production wants to expand however pressure group against the flooding of the land and habitats. |
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CHINA OIL NATURAL GAS The Straights of Malacca |
Oil; production has peaked, territorial disputes with Japan and other countries Natural Gases; currently investigating as a source of energy. The Straights of Malacca; used to get oil from eastern asia, risk of pirates bush fires reduce visibility. |
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CHINA SECURITY FACTS |
Security; -improving international relationships -treating central asia as a good source of future energy supplies Facts; -15% of the worlds energy imports more than it produces 1000 of new cars join the streets of Beijing every day |
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USA |
- neck and neck with China with consumption rates -70% of its oil is imported (fracking) a large amount within politically unstable countries. -ENEGRY SECURITY; .Control of suppliers .Control of prices .Political Stability .A large Variety of resources. |
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California Energy Security |
The US energy market is entirely private. California suffered as an energy crisis between June 2000 and May 2001. A number of different factors influenced the Californian Blackouts; -The Weather in 2000/2001; Summer of 2000 was unusually hot which triggered increased use of electricity for the use of air-con, and the winter of 2000-01 was unusually cold which inreased the need for heating. -Insufficient generating capacity. California introduced strong anti pollution energy laws in the 1970s which meant that new power stations were expensive to build. |
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California Moves On |
2003 Arnold Schwarzenegger became governor of California. The state declared that by 2010, 20% of its electricity must come from renewable sources such as solar power. As of the end of 2013, California had 490 MW of concentrated solar power and 5,183 MW of photovoltaics capacity in operation. The American Solar Energy Industries Association reports that a further 19,200 MW of utility-scale solar projects are under construction or development in the state as of August 2014.
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THE ARCTIC FACTS THE ENVIRONMENT UN Las of the sea convention |
Facts; 8 Countries form the arctic region unconventional oil supply 25% of the worlds un-exploited oil reserves Russia and Canada are expanding military bases into the Arctic Environment; Pristine untouched environments UN Las of the sea convention; Limits the extraction and exploitation. |
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THE ARCTIC TAR SANDS |
Tar Sands; Reduces North Americas dependency on Asian oil Costs $15 a barrel to extract compared to the $2 for Brent oil Has to mined in open cast mines Extracted material has to be crushed mixed with water and then umped out to get the bitumen Located in Northen Alberta, Canada The quality of the oil is much poorer than traditional sources. |
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KEYWORDS -TAR SANDS -FRONTIER HYDROCARBONS |
TAR SANDS- Are also known as oil sands, bituminous sands and extra heavy oil in Venezuela. They are naturally occurring mixtures of sand, or clay and water- and a very dense viscous form of petroleum called bitumen. FRONTIER HYDROCARBONS- are those grades of oil such as tar sands which are inferior to conventional sources of oil. |
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Tar sands |
Tar Sands are found in many countries, but the largest reserves are in Canada and in Venezuela in South America. Most of the Canadian Tar Sands are found in three major deposits in Northern Alberta- the Athabasca, the Cold Lake and Peace River deposits. Together they cover an area larger than England. |
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Tar sands in Canada |
Between 2000 and 2005,as oil prices and demand continued to rise the oil industry spent more than €86 billion on difficult to exploit frontier hydrocarbons.One of the centres spending this was Alberta in Canada, below Albertas forests lie oil reserves in the form of tar sands which could only be as high as 180 billion barrels. |
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Tar sands in Canada x2 |
Extracting oil from tar sands is neither easy nor cheap. Although commercial production began in Alberta in 1967, it is only recently- as oil prices have risen- that the production of oil from tar sands has attracted the interest of big companies such as Exxon mobil, Shell and BP. Alberta's tar sands produced a million barrels of oil a day in 2003, and was expected to rise to reach 3.5 million barrels a day in 2011. By 2030 they planned to produce at least 5 million barrels a day and export more than Nigeria and Venezuela. |
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HOW IS THE OIL EXTRACTED? |
Conventional crude oil is normally extracted by drilling into a petroleum reservoir, but tar sands are mostly mined by opencast mining. The extracted material is then crushed, mixed with water and the bitumen separated out before it can be refined for use. Tar sands were also pumped out. High pressure steam is injected underground to separate the bitumen from the sand. |
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COSTS OF EXPLOITING TAR SANDS - producing useable oil from tar sands is expensive it is only viable when oil costs over $30 a barrel. -Producing useable oil is also very energy expensive. -The Alberta energy research institute says that processed tar sands are a large source of greenhouse gas emission. - Two tonnes of mined tar sands are required to produce one barrel of oil, which leaves huge quantities of waste sand and environmental destruction. |
BENEFITS OF EXPLOITING TAR SANDS -Tar sands provide and alternative source of oil when conventional sources are unavailable fro political or access reasons or existing fields cannot produce more. -by 2030 tar sands could meet 16% of North Americas demand for oil providing a secure sizeable source of oil for Canada and the USA -Tar sands will provide an additional source of oil until more renewable sources and cleaner fuels can be developed. |
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THE FUTURE |
Renewable; 19% of the worlds energy generation Solar and Wind are the fastest growing energy sources. Targets; 20% in EU by 2020, 20% in US by 2010 (Failed 13%) and 95% in NZ by 2025 Nuclear Power; China is planning to have 32 stations by 2020. Green Taxation; Road tax is cheaper on greener cars, the money gathered needs to be spent on greener supplies. Conservation; Low carbon housing, de centralising power. |
