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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
River Nile colonial agreements |
Under a 1929 agreement signed by the UK former colonial power. Egypt and Sudan use 90% of Nile. |
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River Nile's importance to people |
River tributaries through Uganda and the one's which flow through Ethiopia highlands are key to survival of more than 100 million people in 11 countries in Africa. |
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97% OF WORLD'S WATER ARE IN OCEAN. How much is freshwater and where? |
2.5% is freshwater. 79/80% is trapped in ice/frost. 20% is groundwater. 1% is lakes/river |
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Aquifers |
3/4 of Europe's drinking water comes from groundwater. But Bangladesh/India use most of their GW for irrigation. |
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Water stress |
the annual supply of water per person falls below 1,700m3 |
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Water scarcity |
the annual supply of water per person falls below 1,000m3 |
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INDIA'S WATER/POPULATION |
17% of the world's population but only 4% of the world's fresh water. They have 21 million wells, 43% of precipitation never reaches rivers or aquifers. |
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CHINA'S WATER/POPULATION |
20% of the worlds population, but only 8% of the worlds fresh water. 2/3 of china's cities do not have enough water all year. Use irrigation to produce 70% of its own food. |
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Tianjin, Beijing climatic issues |
Most precipitation falls between July and September. Sometimes more than half of it within 3 days. Several dry years are followed by several wet years. |
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Tianjin - water supply in Beijing. |
60% - of their water comes from Aquifers. - serious drought in 80's led to increased demand for irrigationn. This has lowered water tables by 40m |
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Aral Sea (Central Asia) depletion |
2 river's -Within 50 years the sea went down by over 800km3 - Now is only 10% of its original size. - sovuet govt in 50s Diverted the 2 rivers to irrigate the surrounding regions. |
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TNC Water Insecurity and issues in Bolivia, Cochabamba |
TNC Bechtel (US OWNED) privatised water in 1999. - Water price raised, poor couldn't afford - Wanted to build a dam (with money) - The poor rioted; they cancelled contract - Conflicts still occur; price is 20-100% higher
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Solution to Bolivia, Cocha |
People in Bolivia can create their own water systems by digging 8 metres deep |
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Comparing the TNC company to the state-owned in Cochabamba. |
TNC: ¬ corporate efficiency ¬ covered 100% of every house (only those who can afford it) ¬ connections increased by 50% ¬ 200,000 people had been excluded in 2005 due to cost |
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Comparing the State-owned company to TNC in Cochabamba. |
Government: ¬ government efficiency ¬ covered 45% of each house ¬ connections increased by 16% ¬ water supply for 2 hours per day , 3 days ¬ 55% didn't have it. |
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RIVER NILE CONFLICT |
- Ethiopia want to build a dam, due to needed electricity use but is controversial because scientists figured that it could disrupt the flow of the river into Egypt. - Aswan dam; Ethiopia launched the proj in 2011 for $4.2bn |
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River Nile dependency: |
has a combined population of 450 million. 200 million people depend on it for their food and water security.
- River Nile accounts for 97% of Egypts water needs. |
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Egypt's power over the River Nile |
Egypt can reject any proposal which they do not approve of. e.g. Tanzania in 2004 planned the construction of the Lake Victoria pipeline which would have helped 400k citizens but Egypt threatened to bomb the site. (Egypt need it for Aswan dam). |
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Future conflict over the River Nile |
June 2013: Egypt close to threatening war with Ethiopia over dam. - Egypt is very selfish as only 22% of the river goes through it. Very likely for conflict |
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Tension between India + Bangladesh |
Bangladesh is a double loser because India opened the Farrakha dam (just 11km away from BD's border).
- Further upstream; a series of dams divert water into irrigation systems; use it to carry industrial waste. - 29 cities cross the river. |
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Future conflict with Bangladesh and India. |
India holds the most power although agreement by both countries was signed in 1990. - They are often unable to reach water agreements. New agreements in 1996; to allow Bangladesh to receive min flow of 35k cumecs from Jan to may working on the prevention of conflict. India benefits way more. |
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Colorado River general uses |
~ mostly used for irrigation ~ a giant system involving 10 major dams (serves 30 million people) ~ 1920's Agreements gave CALI the most power due to political and social status. |
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Colorado River: Farmers needs |
Agriculture has always done well in this river. Receiving 80% of the water allocation. Because farmers got there first. Most water is wasted by flood irrigation, cash crops e.g. cotton. |
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Colorado River: City dwellers and Environmentalists |
CD: urbanisation has led to more water use, which could be used for more valuable things. (5 year drought). ENV: the heavy use of lakes by tourists is a threat to lakeshore areas. Any sort of development is bad. |
Come on |
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Colorado River conflict: Indigenous people and Mexicans |
Natives: have claimed water rights based on treaties etc in 1880's there were prolonged battles over these claims. MEXICANS: the river is used so heavily it no longer reaches the sea.90% of its water is extracted before it reaches Mex. |
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Ebro River (Spain) scheme conflict (for) |
The case for: international investors were concerned because they had marketed in Spain. They wanted to develop holiday homes/sports. Head of Murcia disapproved of the plant = too expensive. |
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Ebro River (Spain) scheme conflict (against) |
Against the scheme to divert water: Environmentalists in the north protested the diversion was a misuse of scarce resources. (Fragile delta) - Aquifers are already dying out because of over extraction. farmers using unsustainable land. |
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SOUTH-NORTH TRANSFER (CHINA) Benefits |
- Good for irrigation - Takes water from Yangtze and moves it more than 1,000km supplies dry areas. - good water store
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in 1990's every year the Yellow river experienced periods when no run off reached the sea. in 1997 there was no run off fir 230 days. |
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SOUTH-NORTH TRANSFER (CHINA) COSTS |
- Costs $62 billion - People are displaced 10,000 in the East route - 40% of china's cultivated land - results in pollution, dry rivers, falling water tables (70% of freshwater is left polluted). |
Not very sustainable/successful. |
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THREE GORGES DAM (costs) |
-total cost is $90bn - dammed waters will drown 100k hectares and 13 cities - around 2m people will be displaced/lose land - if dam fails = floods - pollution will increase as factories are flooded. - historical sites will be lost - reduces soil fertility downstream |
social, environmental and economic |
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THREE GORGES DAM (benefits) |
The water generated electrically could save 50 million tonnes coal each year. - Project will supply water to a region responsible for 22% of their GDP. - flood protection - economic growth (accounts for $138 billion a year) |
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Restoring the Aral Sea |
Kazakhstan took out a loan of $68 million from World Bank in 2007 in order to build a dam to separate the Aral Sea. (River's headquarters are controlled elsewhere) |
North is KAZAKHSTAN South is UZBEKISTAN |
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Water Conservation methods |
- treated using filters - recycling water - spray irrigation - Domestically: low flush toilets save 1 litre a month. Shorter showers save 3,000 litres a month. - Water harvesting |
reducing the amount of water used (demand) rather than trying to increase supply. |
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Gravity-fed scheme |
sustainable way of managing water supply. Uses the force of gravity transported by pipework. Reduces work involved in carrying water. |
managed by water aid |
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Gravity-fed scheme benefits |
- reliability is high and service is good. - low maintenance needs - lots of tap stands within good distance (all can reach) |
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Gravity-fed scheme costs |
-Long pipelines - running costs are low but replacing taps - furring of pipes - sometimes water can dry up (drought) |
USED IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA, 75,000 PEOPLE IN 40 CITIES. |
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India water monitoring issue |
In New Delhi 40% of water supply is lost due to leaky pipes. |
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