Discovering Psychology 4Th Edition - Chapter 4

Front 1

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.

Back 1

consciousness

Front 2

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.

Back 2

circadian rhythm

Front 3

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

Back 3

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 4

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Back 4

melatonin

Front 5

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.

Back 5

REM sleep

Front 6

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

Back 6

NREM sleep

Front 7

Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.

Back 7

beta brain waves

Front 8

Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.

Back 8

alpha brain waves

Front 9

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.

Back 9

hypnagogic hallucinations

Front 10

Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.

Back 10

sleep spindles

Front 11

Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.

Back 11

K complex

Front 12

A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

Back 12

sleep paralysis

Front 13

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.

Back 13

REM rebound

Front 14

The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.

Back 14

restorative theory of sleep

Front 15

The view that unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called the evolutionary theory of sleep.

Back 15

adaptive theory of sleep

Front 16

Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.

Back 16

sleep disorders

Front 17

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

Back 17

insomnia

Front 18

A condition in which unpleasant sensations in the lower legs are accompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasant sensation but disrupting sleep.

Back 18

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Front 19

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

Back 19

sleep apnea

Front 20

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism

Back 20

sleepwalking

Front 21

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called sleep terrors.

Back 21

night terrors

Front 22

A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

Back 22

parasomnias

Front 23

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.

Back 23

REM sleep behavior disorder

Front 24

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.

Back 24

narcolepsy

Front 25

A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

Back 25

cataplexy

Front 26

Repetitive, bland and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep.

Back 26

sleep thinking

Front 27

A storylike episode of mental imagery during sleep.

Back 27

dream

Front 28

A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.

Back 28

nightmare

Front 29

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

Back 29

manifest content

Front 30

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.

Back 30

latent content

Front 31

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).

Back 31

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Front 32

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory and behavior.

Back 32

hypnosis

Front 33

A suggestion made during hypnosis that a person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.

Back 33

posthypnotic suggestion

Front 34

The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.

Back 34

posthypnotic amnesia

Front 35

The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.

Back 35

hypermnesia

Front 36

A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.

Back 36

psychoactive drug

Front 37

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdraw symptoms.

Back 37

physical dependence

Front 38

A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original or desired effect.

Back 38

drug tolerance

Front 39

Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.

Back 39

withdraw symptoms

Front 40

Withdraw symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's actions.

Back 40

drug rebound effect

Front 41

Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems.

Back 41

drug abuse

Front 42

A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.

Back 42

depressants

Front 43

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.

Back 43

barbiturates

Front 44

Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.

Back 44

tranquillizers

Front 45

A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.

Back 45

stimulants

Front 46

A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over the counter medications.

Back 46

caffeine

Front 47

A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.

Back 47

nicotine

Front 48

A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.

Back 48

amphetamines

Front 49

A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.

Back 49

cocaine

Front 50

Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine psychosis or cocaine psychosis

Back 50

stimulant-induced psychosis

Front 51

A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

Back 51

psychedelic drugs

Front 52

A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.

Back 52

mescaline

Front 53

A synthetic psychedelic drug

Back 53

LSD

Front 54

A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.

Back 54

marijuana

Front 55

Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.

Back 55

MDMA

Front 56

Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine.

Back 56

Dissociative anesthetics

Front 57

Feeling of grogginess on awakening that interferes with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks.

Back 57

sleep inertia