Discovering Psychology 4Th Edition - Chapter 6

Front 1

The mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.

Back 1

memory

Front 2

The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

Back 2

encoding

Front 3

The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

Back 3

storage

Front 4

The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

Back 4

retrieval

Front 5

A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Back 5

stage model of memory

Front 6

The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.

Back 6

sensory memory

Front 7

The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds.

Back 7

short-term memory

Front 8

The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information.

Back 8

long-term memory

Front 9

The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory.

Back 9

maintenance rehearsal

Front 10

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.

Back 10

chunking

Front 11

Short-term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of information; in Baddeley's model, includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and cortical executive components.

Back 11

working memory

Front 12

Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it into long-term memory.

Back 12

elaborative rehearsal

Front 13

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.

Back 13

procedural memory

Front 14

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.

Back 14

episodic memory

Front 15

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

Back 15

semantic memory

Front 16

Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory.

Back 16

explicit memory

Front 17

Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called nondeclarative memory.

Back 17

implicit memory

Front 18

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory.

Back 18

clustering

Front 19

A model that describes units of information in long term memory as being organized into a complex network of associations.

Back 19

semantic-network model

Front 20

The process of accessing stored information.

Back 20

retrieval

Front 21

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory.

Back 21

retrieval cue

Front 22

The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.

Back 22

retrieval cue failure

Front 23

A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific memory is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it.

Back 23

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience

Front 24

A test of long term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid or retrieval cues; also called free recall.

Back 24

recall

Front 25

A test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Back 25

cued recall

Front 26

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and the end of a list better than items in the middle.

Back 26

serial position effect

Front 27

The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful.

Back 27

encoding specificity principle

Front 28

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.

Back 28

context effect

Front 29

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that given mood.

Back 29

mood congruence

Front 30

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.

Back 30

flashbulb memory

Front 31

The inability to recall information that was previously available.

Back 31

forgetting

Front 32

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.

Back 32

encoding failure

Front 33

Remembering to do something in the future.

Back 33

prospective memory

Front 34

A brief but intense feeling of remembering a scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time; French for "already seen".

Back 34

deja vu

Front 35

Memory for when, where and how a particular piece of information was aquired.

Back 35

source memory or source monitoring

Front 36

The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.

Back 36

interference theory

Front 37

Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference.

Back 37

retroactive interference

Front 38

Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward acting memory interference.

Back 38

proactive interference

Front 39

Motivated forgetting that occurs conciously.

Back 39

suppression

Front 40

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconciously.

Back 40

repression

Front 41

A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's exsisting memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.

Back 41

misinformation effect

Front 42

A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.

Back 42

source confusion

Front 43

A disstorted or fabricated recollection of somthing that did not actually occur.

Back 43

false memory

Front 44

An organized cluster of information on a particular topic.

Back 44

schema

Front 45

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.

Back 45

script

Front 46

A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occured.

Back 46

imagination inflation

Front 47

The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.

Back 47

memory trace

Front 48

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

Back 48

long-term potentiation

Front 49

Severe memory loss.

Back 49

amnesia

Front 50

Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward acting amnesia.

Back 50

retrograde amnesia

Front 51

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes.

Back 51

memory consolidation

Front 52

Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward acting amnesia.

Back 52

anterograde amnesia

Front 53

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occuring as the result of a disease or malfunction.

Back 53

dementia

Front 54

A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking , language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common form of dementia.

Back 54

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Front 55

A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.

Back 55

recognition

Front 56

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic process that occur in the brain over time.

Back 56

decay theory

Front 57

American neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory, including several investigations of the famous amnesia patient H.M.

Back 57

Suzanne Corkin

Front 58

German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time.

Back 58

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Front 59

American neurobiologist, born in Austria, who won a Nobel peace prize in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia

Back 59

Eric Kandel

Front 60

American physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories.

Back 60

Karl Lashley

Front 61

American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony.

Back 61

Elisabeth F. Loftus

Front 62

Canadian neuropsychologist whose groundbreaking research on the role of brain structures and functions in cognitive process helped establish neuropsychology as a field; extensively studied the famous amnesia patient H.M.

Back 62

Brenda Milner

Front 63

American psychologist who identified the duration of visual sensory memory in a series of classic experiments.

Back 63

George Sperling

Front 64

American psychologist and neuroscientist who has conducted extensive research on the neurobiological foundations of learning and memory.

Back 64

Richard F. Thompson