Digestive System Workbook Ohb

Front 1

The digestive system takes in _____, breaks it down physically and ________ into nutrient molecules and absorbs the ____________ into the bloodstream.

Back 1

food, chemically, nutrients

Front 2

tongue tied

Back 2

extremely short frenulum

Front 3

cardioesophageal sphincter

Back 3

through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

Front 4

pyloric phincter/valve

Back 4

terminal part of the stomach is continuous with the small intestine

Front 5

Besides the usual longitudinal and circular muscle layers, its wall contains a third, obliquely arranged layer in the _________ _________.

Back 5

muscularis externa

Front 6

Along with the physical breakdown of food, _________ breakdown of proteins begins in the stomach.

Back 6

chemical

Front 7

What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?

Back 7

glucose, simple sugars, amino acids, fat soluble substances

Front 8

What are the ingredients of gastric juice?

Back 8

pepsin, hydrochloric acid

Front 9

What is the end product of food processing in the stomach?

Back 9

chyme

Front 10

The small intestine is __ to __ feet.

Back 10

7-13

Front 11

divisions of the small intestine

Back 11

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 12

duodenum

Back 12

"twelve finger widths long"

Front 13

jejunum

Back 13

"empty"

Front 14

ileum

Back 14

"twisted intestine"

Front 15

The _____ _______ controls food movement into the small intestine from the stomach and prevents the small intestine from being overwhelmed.

Back 15

pyloric sphincter

Front 16

Nearly all food absorption occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine is well suited for its function. Its wall has three structures that increase the absorptive surface tremendously - _____, _____ and ______ _______.

Back 16

microvilli, villi, circular folds

Front 17

microvilli

Back 17

tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance

Front 18

What does the material that is passed to the large intestine mainly consist of?

Back 18

indigestible food, large number of bacteria

Front 19

The large intestine is about ___ feet.

Back 19

5

Front 20

The large intestine's major functions are to ____ ____ the indigestible food residue by absorbing _____ and to eliminate these residues from the body as feces.

Back 20

dry out, water

Front 21

What are the functions of the resident bacteria in our large intestines?

Back 21

produce large amounts of vitamins (K, B), produces gas

Front 22

defecation reflex

Back 22

when feces are forced into the rectum by mass movements and its wall is stretched

Front 23

diarrhea

Back 23

watery stools

result from any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the water

Front 24

constipation

Back 24

if food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, too much water is absorbed, and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass

Front 25

constipation may result from

Back 25

a lack of fiber, poor bowel habits, laxative abuse

Front 26

What is the function of goblet cells?

Back 26

produce alkaline mucus, mucus acts as a lubricant to ease the passage of feces to the end of the digestive tract

Front 27

digestive functions of the pancreas

Back 27

produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods, it produces the hormones insulin and glucagon

Front 28

What does pancreatic juice contain?

Back 28

pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, lipases, nucleases, rich supply of bicarbonate

Front 29

What is the liver's digestive function?

Back 29

produce bile

Front 30

Describe the function of the gallbladder?

Back 30

stores bile and removes water to create a concentrated bile

Front 31

What is the role of bile?

Back 31

bile salts emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones which provides more surface area for the fat-digesting enzymes to work on

Front 32

What causes jaundice from a physiological standpoint?

Back 32

bile pigments circulate through the body

Front 33

Where is saliva produced?

Back 33

salivary glands

Front 34

What is saliva's purpose?

Back 34

mucus moistens and helps to bind food together in a bolus which makes chewing and swallowing easier, clear serous portion contains salivary amylase begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth, it also inhibits bacteria which protects

Front 35

How many deciduous teeth do children have by the age of 2 years?

Back 35

20

Front 36

How many permanent teeth do most adults have?

Back 36

32

Front 37

What are the first teeth that emerge in an infant?

Back 37

decideous teeth

Front 38

At how many months do decideous teeth first erupt?

Back 38

6

Front 39

ingestion

Back 39

active, voluntary process in which food must be placed into the mouth before it can be acted on

Front 40

propulsion

Back 40

needed for food to be processed by more than one digestive organ

ex: swallowing

Front 41

mechanical digestion

Back 41

food breakdown, prepares food for further degradation by enzymes by physically fragmenting the foods into smaller particles

ex: mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, segmentation in the small in

Front 42

chemical digestion

Back 42

sequence of steps in which large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes

Front 43

absorption

Back 43

transport of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph

Front 44

defecation

Back 44

elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces

Front 45

What causes heartburn?

Back 45

cardioesophageal sphincter fails to close tightly and gastric juice backs up into the esophagus, which as little mucus protection

Front 46

What causes a peptic ulcer?

Back 46

typically round, sharply defined crater in teh mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to the hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretions of the stomach

Front 47

Pregnancy __________ result in demineralization of the woman's teeth.

Back 47

doesn't

Front 48

Fetal calcium needs are drawn from ________ ______ _______, not from the teeth.

Back 48

maternal body stores

Front 49

As a result of gingival alternations, the pregnancy woman may become more aware of ________ or newly developed dental caries.

Back 49

preexisting

Front 50

Changes in ________ and the _________ and ________ of pregnancy may increase the risk of caries during pregnancy although this has not been well studied.

Back 50

saliva, nausea, vomiting

Front 51

Dental _____, calculus and ______ deposits increase during pregnancy and are associated with gingivitis.

Back 51

plaque, debris

Front 52

There may be a transient __________ in tooth mobility.

Back 52

increase

Front 53

Pregnancy may exacerbate existing periodontal disease with an increase in periodontal _______ _____ during gestation.

Back 53

pocket depth

Front 54

Periodontal disease has also been associated with ___________ ____________ and an increased risk of __________ _____ and low-birth weight risk in some, but not all studies.

Back 54

intrauterine infection, preterm birth

Front 55

Gingivitis occurs in ____% to ___% of pregnant women.

Back 55

30, 80

Front 56

Gingivitis usually begins around the ________ month.

Back 56

second

Front 57

Gingivitis usually peaks in the middle of the ______ trimester.

Back 57

third

Front 58

The ________ region of the month is usually the most affected site.

Back 58

anterior

Front 59

Gingival tissue contains both __________ and ___________ receptors.

Back 59

estrogen, progesterone

Front 60

The incidence of gingivitis is higher with increasing _______ _____ and _______, preexisting periodontal disease, and poor dentition.

Back 60

maternal age, parity

Front 61

In up to ___% of pregnant women, a specific angiogranuloma known as an epulis or pregnancy tumor develops.

Back 61

5

Front 62

Saliva becomes more acidic during pregnancy, with alterations in __________ content and _____________ load, but it usually does not increase in volume.

Back 62

electrolyte, microorganism

Front 63

ptyalism

Back 63

excessive salivation

Front 64

Ptyalism is an uncommon disorder that begins as early as ___ to ___ weeks and ceases with delivery.

Back 64

2, 3

Front 65

The excessive salivation seems to occur primarily during the _____.

Back 65

day

Front 66

The pathogenesis of ptyalism is unknown, but it is thought to be due to ________ _______, the inability to _______ due to __________, or activation of the esophagosalivary reflex during GER.

Back 66

increased salivary, swallow, nausea

Front 67

GER

Back 67

gastroesophageal reflux

Front 68

LES tone ________.

Back 68

decreases

Front 69

LES

Back 69

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 70

The LES tone decrease is thought o be primarily due to the smooth muscle relaxant activity of ___________.

Back 70

progesterone

Front 71

The LES is a pressure barrier between the _________ and the __________, acting as a protective mechanism to prevent or minimize GER.

Back 71

stomach, esophagus

Front 72

Other changes in the esophagus during pregnancy include an increase in secondary _________ and nonpropulsive _________ and increased incidence of hiatal _____.

Back 72

peristalsis, peristalsis, hernia

Front 73

Flattening of the hemidiaphragm causes a loss of the normal acute esophageal-gastric angle, which may also lead to ________.

Back 73

reflux

Front 74

Muscle tone and motility of the gallbladder _______ during pregnancy, probably due to the effects of progesterone on smooth muscle.

Back 74

decrease

Front 75

Gallbladder volume is ___________ and emptying rate _________, especially in the second and third trimesters.

Back 75

increased, decreased

Front 76

Most measures of gallbladder function are altered during pregnancy, especially after ___ weeks.

Back 76

14

Front 77

In the third trimester, bile is supersaturated with lithogenic cholesterol, which, in conjunction with biliary stasis and sludging, increases the risk of __________.

Back 77

gallstones

Front 78

Alterations in gallbladder tone also lead to a tendency to retain bile salts, which can lead to ________.

Back 78

pruritus

Front 79

NVP

Back 79

nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

Front 80

The exact cause and function of nausea and vomiting is _________.

Back 80

unknown

Front 81

The development of the gastrointestinal system can be divided into ___ phases.

Back 81

3

Front 82

During early gestation, anatomic development gives rise to the ________ and other structures of this system.

Back 82

organs

Front 83

During __________ to late gestation, functional components such as hormones, enzymes and reflexes develop.

Back 83

middle

Front 84

Finally, after birth, coordinated function develops with interaction of hormones and enzymes in the digestion of food substances along with maturation of _____________ coordination.

Back 84

suck-swallow

Front 85

ENS

Back 85

enteric nervous system

Front 86

The ENS develops from ________ crest cells that colonize the gut by 13 weeks.

Back 86

neural

Front 87

Anatomic development of the GI system begins during the _______ week with partitioning of the yolk sac into intraembryonic and extraembryonic portions.

Back 87

fourth

Front 88

Initially the cranial portion of the GI system develops concurrently with the ___________ system.

Back 88

respiratory

Front 89

The epithelium of the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs and digestive tract arise from the primitive gut, a derivation of the _____ ____.

Back 89

yolk sac

Front 90

The GI system develops in a ______-to-caudal direction.

Back 90

cranial

Front 91

The extraembryonic or secondary yolk sac provides for nutrition of the embryo, before development of the mature placenta, and then is assimilated into the umbilical cord by ___ to ___ months.

Back 91

3, 4

Front 92

The intraembryonic portion is incorporated into the embryo as the _________ ____.

Back 92

primitive gut

Front 93

The cranial membrane is reabsorbed during the third week, forming the stomodeum; the caudal membrane is absorbed during the ________ week.

Back 93

ninth

Front 94

The midgut remains temporarily connected to the ______ _____ by the vitelline duct.

Back 94

yolk sac

Front 95

Development of the primitive gut and its derivatives can be divided into sections:

Back 95

pharyngeal gut, foregut, midgut, hindgut

Front 96

The pharyngeal gut extends from the buccopharyngeal membrane to the tracheobronchial diverticulum, forming the ________ and its derivative, _______ respiratory tract, ________ esophagus.

Back 96

pharynx, lower, upper

Front 97

The pharyngeal arches form the muscular and skeletal components of the pharyngeal area, aortic arch, and nerve networks; the ________, the _______ portion of the maxillary process, the hyoid bone, the laryngeal cartilage and associated vascular and _______ supplies.

Back 97

mandible, dorsal, nerve

Front 98

The pharyngeal pouches form the eustacian tubes, _______, thymus, parathyroid and part of the _______.

Back 98

tonsils, thyroid

Front 99

The foregut extends from the tracheobronchial diverticulum to the upper part of the __________.

Back 99

duodenum

Front 100

Structures formed from the foregut are all supplied by the _______ artery.

Back 100

celiac

Front 101

structures formed from the foregut

Back 101

lower esophagus, stomach, liver, upper portion of the duodenum, liver, biliary tree, pancreas

Front 102

During the fourth week the tracheobronchial diverticulum appears along the ventral wall of the foregut, dividing the foregut into the ventral respiratory primordium and dorsal _________.

Back 102

esophagus

Front 103

The stomach arises during the fourth week as a spindle-shaped dilation in the caudal area of the _________.

Back 103

foregut

Front 104

The stomach's structure is well established by ____ weeks.

Back 104

six

Front 105

Embryonic anomalies of the stomach are rare, probably because stomach development is relatively _________.

Back 105

simple

Front 106

The pancreas appears at about ___ weeks as dorsal and ventral buds in the duodenal area.

Back 106

five

Front 107

The two pancreatic buds meet and fuse to form the final pancreas by ___ weeks.

Back 107

seven

Front 108

meconiumin

Back 108

fetus/infant's first poop

Front 109

meconium consists of

Back 109

vernix caseosa, lanugo, squamos epithelial cells, occult blood, bile, other intestinal secretions