Cardiovascular System Workbook Ohb

Front 1

What is the rough weight of the heart?

Back 1

< 1 lb.

Front 2

What is the rough size of the heart?

Back 2

a person's fist

Front 3

Where is the rough location of the heart?

Back 3

medial cavity of thorax

Front 4

What are the layers of the serous membrane that covers the heart?

Back 4

parietal, visceral (epicardium)

Front 5

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Back 5

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Front 6

epicardium

Back 6

outer, visceral pericardium

Front 7

myocardium

Back 7

"skeleton of heart"

thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted into ring like arrangements, actually contracts

Front 8

endocardium

Back 8

thing, glistening sheet of endothelium, lines heart chambers, continuous with linings of blood vessels leaving and entering the heart

Front 9

heart murmur

Back 9

abnormal or unusual heart sounds

Front 10

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

Back 10

fill when the heart is relaxed, when compressed the ventricles are contracting, branch from base of aorta, encircles the heart

Front 11

What causes angina pectoris?

Back 11

myocardium deprived of oxygen

Front 12

angina pectoris

Back 12

crushing chest pain

Front 13

fibrillation

Back 13

rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle

Front 14

phases of the cardiac cycle

Back 14

systole, diastole

Front 15

systole

Back 15

contraction

Front 16

diastole

Back 16

relaxation

Front 17

"lub"

Back 17

closing of AV valves, longer, louder

Front 18

"dub"

Back 18

semilunar valves close at end of systole, short and sharp

Front 19

CO

Back 19

cardiac output

Front 20

SV

Back 20

stroke volume

Front 21

cardiac output

Back 21

amount of blood pumped out by each side of heart in one minute

Front 22

stroke volume

Back 22

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat

Front 23

pulse

Back 23

pressure wave created by the alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of left ventricle

Front 24

artery

Back 24

where blood is pumped, carries blood from heart

Front 25

arteriole

Back 25

smallest arteries

Front 26

Blood travels from the _____ to the _____ to the _____ ______ to the ______ and finally to the _____.

Back 26

arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, vein

Front 27

capillary beds

Back 27

intertwine among body cells, provides access to "homes", through their walls exchanges between tissue cell and blood can occur

Front 28

venule

Back 28

empty into veins, smallest veins

Front 29

veins

Back 29

drain tissues and return blood to heart

Front 30

_____ and _____ have three tunics versus capillaries which only have one - the tunica intima.

Back 30

arteries and veins

Front 31

tunics

Back 31

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica extena

Front 32

What is the largest artery in the human body?

Back 32

aorta

Front 33

Where is the aorta located?

Back 33

left ventricle of the heart

Front 34

What is the largest vein in the human body?

Back 34

vena cava

Front 35

Where is the vena cava located?

Back 35

right atrium of the heart

Front 36

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal circulation?

Back 36

drains digestive tract organs and carriers blood through liver before it enters systemic circulation

Front 37

The hepatic portal circulation causes unusual function for a vein because the veins feed the ______ instead of the capillary beds.

Back 37

liver

Front 38

vital signs

Back 38

good indication of a person's circulatory system

Front 39

blood pressure, arterial pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature

Back 39

vital signs

Front 40

What are the most common sites for palpating pulses?

Back 40

radial, caratoid artery

Front 41

Blood pressure has two measurements, the high number being the _____ pressure and the lower being the _____ pressure.

Back 41

systolic, diastolic

Front 42

systolic

Back 42

pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction

measured when first sound is heard

Front 43

diastolic

Back 43

pressure when ventricles are relaxing

measured when last sound is heard

Front 44

The normal range for BP in an adult is 120/__.

Back 44

70

Front 45

When measuring BP the cuff goes just above the _____.

Back 45

elbow

Front 46

Causes of Hypertension

Back 46

diet, obesity, heredity, race, stress, drugs, kidney problems, obstructive sleep apnea

Front 47

interstitial fluid

Back 47

(tissue fluid)

solution that surrounds and bathes cells

Front 48

varicose veins

Back 48

overworked valves give way, veins become twisted and dilated

Front 49

thrombophlebitis

Back 49

serious complication of varicose veins, inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation

Front 50

pulmonary embolism

Back 50

common consequence of thrombophlebitis

Front 51

arteriosclerosis

Back 51

decreased elasticity of arteries

Front 52

direct diffusion through membrane

Back 52

straight through if lipid soluble

Front 53

diffusion through intercellular clefts

Back 53

most capillaries limited passage of fluid and small soluble

Front 54

diffusion through pores

Back 54

fenestrated capillaries is FREE passage for small solutes and fluids, absorption is priority

Front 55

transport via vesicles

Back 55

some lipid-insoluble substances may enter or leave

Front 56

Routes across plasma membranes of single layer of endothelial cells forming capillary wall include: 1. ______ ______ through membrane

2. Diffusion through _________ clefts

3. Diffusion through _____.

4. Transport via _______.

Back 56

direct diffusion, intercellular, pores, vesicles

Front 57

A woman's blood volume ______ during pregnancy.

Back 57

increases

Front 58

reasons why a woman's blood volume increases

Back 58

The body is doing more work, the body requires more oxygen, the body needs more nutrients, the body needs to get rid of more waste.

Front 59

During pregnancy WBCs _____ by about _____/mm3.

Back 59

increase, 5000-12000

Front 60

During pregnancy plasma proteins ______ by ____%.

Back 60

decrease, 10-14

Front 61

During pregnancy clotting factors go into a _________ _____.

Back 61

hypocoaguable state

Front 62

During pregnancy cardiac output _____ because there's an _____ in venous return and an increase in _____ ventricular output.

Back 62

increases, increase, right

Front 63

During pregnancy the heart rate _____.

Back 63

increases

Front 64

During pregnancy blood pressure usually _____ because intravenous volume is balanced by decreased ___.

Back 64

decreases, SVR

Front 65

SVR

Back 65

systemic vascular resistance

Front 66

During pregnancy vascular resistance _____ by 20-30% which paraslels the decrease in __ because ______ of collagen fibers and hypertrophy of ______ ______.

Back 66

decreases, BP, softening, smooth muscle

Front 67

During pregnancy oxygen consumption progressively ______ by 20-30% because of the _______ needs of mother and fetus.

Back 67

increases, metabolic

Front 68

During pregnancy the cardiac silhouette (chamber size) _____.

Back 68

enlarges

Front 69

During pregnancy the cardiac ventrical wall _____ by 10-15%

Back 69

increases

Front 70

During pregnancy there is an _______ in arrhythmias because of the effects of hormones, rise of vitamin __, _____ disease, an increase in _______ nervous system activity.

Back 70

increase, K, cardiac, sympathetic

Front 71

HbF

Back 71

fetal hemoglobin

Front 72

HbF has a _____ affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.

Back 72

greater

Front 73

HbF is _____ resistant to acid elution than adult hemoglobin.

Back 73

more

Front 74

____ of the infant's blood volume can be restricted if the cord is clamped "early".

Back 74

1/3

Front 75

What is the normal range for hemoglobin in newborn cord blood?

Back 75

60-80% HbF

Front 76

An infant's ability to clot is _______-__ dependent.

Back 76

Vitamin-K

Front 77

An infant is at a _______ risk of hemorrhage.

Back 77

greater

Front 78

What is the normal range for FHR?

Back 78

115/120-160

Front 79

FHR

Back 79

fetal heart rate

Front 80

During asphyxia, adaptive mechanisms fail and arterial oxygenation will fall ______below critical levels.

Back 80

below

Front 81

The brain becomes ischemic when there is _______ depression and a loss of autoregulation in _______ blood flow.

Back 81

myocardial , cerebral

Front 82

The fetal umbilical cord contains ___ vein(s) and ___ artery(s).

Back 82

1, 2

Front 83

vein

Back 83

carries nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

Front 84

arteries

Back 84

carry waste from the fetus

Front 85

The placenta takes the place of which adult systems?

Back 85

lungs, digestive

Front 86

Mother's Blood carries _______ and ______ to the fetal blood via the _______ _____ and the _________.

Back 86

oxygen, nutrients, umbilical cord, placenta

Front 87

The umbilical cord removes ____ and ______ _____ blood.

Back 87

CO2, debris laden/waste

Front 88

ductus venosus

Back 88

closes during the first week of life in most cases

Front 89

ligamentum venosum

Back 89

what is left after the ductus venosus closes postpartum

Front 90

foramen ovale

Back 90

visible in the right atrium, shortly closes during the postpartum period

Front 91

fossa ovalis

Back 91

what is left after the foramen ovale closes shortly postpartum

Front 92

ligamentum arteriosum

Back 92

what happens when the ductus arteriosus collapses shortly postpartum