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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 3 scientific goals of research in Developmental Psychology are:
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1. Description of psychological development
2. Explanation for developmental phenomena 3. Applied Optimisation |
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The descriptive goal of developmental psycholgoy is to
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gather facts and figures about age groups and age related changes
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The explanatory goal of developmental research is to
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seek the factors responsible for observed changes in behaviour over age.
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Representative sampling means
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the people chosen to represent a particular cohort or age group in a normative study should be typical of other members of that cohort who did not happen to be chosen.
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An important limitation of descriptive developmental information is
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it's failure to explain why
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Age differences in IQ can be explained by
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1. Ageists tests
2. Cohort Obsolescence |
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Cohort obsolescence refers to
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the different cohort related differences that cause a qualitative change in the level of cognitive development
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A Hypothesis is
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a testable prediction that suggests ideas requiring scientific data collection for their answers
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The 3 kinds of pre-theoretical models prevalent in lifespan developmental psychology are:
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1. The environment-mechanistic model
2. The organic-maturational model 3. Dialectical model |
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The environment-mechanistic model emphasises...
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the role of the external environment in guiding and building developmental change.
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The organic-maturational model equates developmental psychology with ....
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the maturation process of a plant
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The Dialectical Model presents human psychological development in terms of...
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confrontations between opposing forces that resolve themselves into higher levels of synthesis and integration. ie conflict/harmony, feminine/masculine, ying/yang
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Applied to human development, the dialectical analogy suggests that psychological growth is set in motion by
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struggles, setbacks, debates and disputes.
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The dialectical models holds that stability is ________ and change is __________.
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stability is deviant
change is usual/normal/expected |
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Optimisation research is only useful if:
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1. the theory can suggest useful applications to the nurturing environment
2. the interventions actually work |
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Controlled experiments are designed to limit the....
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intrusion of factors that might complicate the interpretation of behaviour being observed in natural settings
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One major advantage of the naturalistic style of data gathering is....
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real life validity
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A technique involves objective observation and measurement of the psychological functioning of individuals as they go about everyday life in their normal environment.
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Naturalistic Observation
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The second stage of Freud's theory is ___________, which is cover's what age bracket?
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anal
1 to 3 years |
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The first stage of Freuds theory is ________, whih cover's what age bracket?
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oral
First Year of life |
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What are the 4 methods of collecting data for developmental psychology research?
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1. Case Studies
2. Naturalistic Observation 3. Experiment 4. Self-report techniques |
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What are the 3 main limitations/disadvantages of the self-report technique?
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1. reporting bias or concealment
2. Communication issues 3. Forgetfulness |
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What is the main advantage of naturalistic observation?
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real life validity
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What are the 3 main drawbacks of naturalistic observation?
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1. Only useful for events that occur reasonably often and can be observed
2. Subjective interpretation 3. Behaviour displayed is unnatural as it is adjusted knowing someone is watching |
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Which group of people can developmental psychologist gather information from more effectively with self reporting methods?
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Adolescence
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What are the 3 main methods developmental psychologists use to track psychological functioning over time?
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1. Cross sectional design
2. Longitudinal design 3. Time-lag study/ time-of-test effects and sequential design |
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A developmental research design in which individuals are retested at regular intervals as they age is
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a longitudinal study
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A research design which compares different age groups measured at one point in time is
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a cross-sectional study
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What are the 2 main problems plaguing the longitudinal design?
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1. Selective attrition - people dropping out of the study maybe be directly related to the variable being studied
2. People becoming test wise ie when testing IQ over time |
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What are the 5 main theories related to lifespan development?
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1. Psychoanalytic
2. classical and social learning theories 3. cognitive-developmental theories 4. Stage theories of adulthood 5. lifespan theories. |
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Who are the 2 main psychoanalytic theorists?
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Freud and Erikson
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What are the 3 separate personality structures identified by Freud?
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ID, EGO and SUPEREGO
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Who conceptualised development as a series of age-related conflicts between the child's primitive, hedonistic desires and the limitations imposed on them by society for the sake of cooperative living?
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Freud
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What are the 5 stages of development according to Freud?
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1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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Explain Freud's oral stage in terms of age, area of focus, conflict and later life effect
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Oral stage - 1st year of life
Focus - Mouth Conflict - Ego development through weaning, tolerance is developed as the ID's need for food is not instantly satisfied. Effect - issues with oral fixation later in life ie. eating disorders |
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Explain Freud's anal stage in terms of age, area of focus, conflict and later life effects.
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Age - 1 to 3 years
Focus - anus Conflict - parental control and toddlers impulsive desires to void Effect - overfrustration or overgratification may lead to messiness, stubbornness and greed. |
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Explain Freud's Phallic stage in terms of age, area of focus, conflict and later life effects.
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Age - 4 to 6 years
Focus - Genital region Conflict - love lust for opposite sex parent and jealousy of same sex parent. Oedipal and Electra comples Effect - inability to identify with same sex parent leads to penis envy (seductive/flirtatious or submissive/low self esteem) and the castration fear (excessive ambition and vanity) |
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Explain Freud's latency stage in terms of age, area of focus, conflict and later life effects.
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Age - 6 to 12 (puberty)
Focus - consolidation and mastery of problem solving skills and ethics No conflict or effect |
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Explain Freud's genital stage in terms of age, area of focus, conflict and later life effects
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Age - 12 (puberty onwards)
Focus - genital region Conflict - detachment from parents and successful expression of adult sexuality Effect - creativity and mature relationships and sexual styles |
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Contemporary evaluations of Freud's theory credit Freud with 3 main contributions to developmental psychology, these are?
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1. Inspired valuable offshoot theories
2. Introduction of the notion of hte unconscious mind 3. pioneered the notion of lifespan development |
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Erik Erikson broke away from Freud's theory in what way?
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1.he downplayed Freud's notion of unconscious sexuality
2. he put more emphasis on the influence of sociocultural environment 3. he extended the view of qualitative development to adults |
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How did Erikson view dialectical conflict?
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Dialectical conflict is the basic mechanism of development defining stages of personality growth
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Explain epigenesis
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Epigenesis is the process of qualitative change leading to the emergence of new capacities which are planfully and functionally integreted.
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What are Erikson's 8 stages of psychological development?
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Basic trust v Mistrust
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt Initiative v Guilt Industry v Inferiority Identity v Role Confusion Intimacy v Isolation Generativity v Self Absorption Integrity v Despair |
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Explain Basic trust v Mistrust
(Erikson) |
Age - Birth to 1 yr
Conflict - blind faith in caregiver requires the unavoidable pain of delay and frustration Psychological Strength - HOPE |
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Explain Autonomy v Shame and Doubt
(Erikson) |
Age - 1 to 3 yrs
Conflict - sense of independence may bring disapproval of the child's social and exploratory activities Psychological Strength - Mature Sense of Responsibility |
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Explain Initiative v Guilt
(Erikson) |
Age - 4 to 5 yrs
Conflict - balancing exploration and bad behaviour Psychological strength - COURAGE |
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Explain Industry v Inferiority
(Erikson) |
Age - 6 to 11 yrs
Conflict - the joy of work with the feelings of unlimited power Psychological Strength - Cooperation and self efficacy/sense of competence |
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Explain Identity v Role Confusion
(Erikson) |
Age - 12 to 18 yrs
Conflict - developing a sense of identity by integrating past experiences with the adolescents unique contributions/attributes Psychological Strength - Coherent sense of self |
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Explain Intimacy v Isolation
(Erikson) |
Age - Early adulthood
Conflict - developing lasting commitments whilst maintaing an individual sense of identity Psychological Strength - MAture relationship |
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Generativity v self-absorption
(Erikson) |
Middle Adulthood
Desire for accomplishment that extends beyond own lifetime Successful resolution - recognising own limitations while striving to help the future |
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Integrity v Despair
(Erikson) |
Old Age
Conflict - recognition of imminent death and unrealised goals Individual life exists in the context of humans as a collective and growing race of beings for which he is a integral part of the growth |
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The two theorists that belong to the Cognitive approach of development are:
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Piaget and Vygotsky
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Jean Piaget's theory of development has ______ major stages characterised by a qualitatively different mode of ________
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4
thought |
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The mechanism of transition through Piaget's main stages is a ....
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dialectical conflict between the processes of assimilation and accommodation.
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Accommodation
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the alteration of a thought process. or schema, to incorporate new information.
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Assimiliation
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the incorporation of new information into an existing mental schema
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In Piaget's theory assimilation and accommodation conflict dialectically to achieve ever higher orders of
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equilibration
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__________ brings new input and __________ incorporates it into an existing cognitive structure or schema
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Accommodation
Assimilation |
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The process of accommodation is triggered when _____________ fails. The schema is then modified to ___________ the new item,
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Assimilation
Accommodate |
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Sensorimotor Stage
(Piaget) |
birth to 2
infant learns to deal with physical and social world at the level of overt behaviour |
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Pre-operational Thought
(Piaget) |
2 to 7
Child learns to mentally manipulate words and objects Symbolic thought Involves the prelogical thought "Why?" |
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Concrete-operational Stage
(Piaget) |
7 to 11
thoughts become organised into integrated system of logical groupings Still limited to tangible objects and events |
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Formal-operational Stage
(Piaget) |
>11
Pinnacle of logical thought Involves hyperthetico-deductive thinking End of qualitative cognitive development although assimilation continues through the lifespan |
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Vygotsky's threory of cognitive development focuses on the role of _______interaction as the motive force behind cognitive gains
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social
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Vygotsky's 3 cultural tools required for development are:
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1. Imitative learning
2. internalisation of lessons acquired through play, teaching, coaching and other instructional communications 3. Collaborative learning through the dialectical method with peers. |
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is
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the range of capacity stretching from sole performance to assisted capability
ie. application of Zygotsky's theory in that children working on a problem with a skilled partner can accomplish tasks they cannot solve alone. ZPD is the gap. |
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The 2 learning theorists/classical theories of the social learning approach are
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John Watson and Albert Bandura
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_______ argued that it was possible to shape human development using nothing but _______ and _________ conditioning
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Watson
Classical Operant |
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B.F. Skinner asserted that human behaviour and psychological functioning are learned via principles of __________, ____________ and __________
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reward
punishment extinction |
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Behaviour modification assumes that:
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1. a persons behaviour is his problem
2. the problem is due to learning |
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conditioning involving the repeated pairing of neutral stimulus with stimulus that instinctively provokes a response is called
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Classical Conditioning
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Modelling
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learning to do somethings by observing someone else do it
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Extinction
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reduces the strength of the conditioned response.
In classical conditional this occurs by the repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Altering the frequency of designated behvaiours using reward or punishment whenever they occur is called
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Operant Conditioning
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Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasised the role of _________ and placed a stronger emphasis on ____________ motivational mechanisms.
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modelling
self regulatory |
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Bandura's 4 stages of the core observational learning process (modelling) are:
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1. Attention
2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation |
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Self-regulation involves? 3
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1. becoming aware of one's own behaviour
2. assessing it against internalised standards 3. self response of reward or punishment |
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Self efficacy
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a person's beliefs about their own abilities and areas of incompetence
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The three main theorists in adulthood development are
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Charlotte Buhler
Daniel Levinson Paul Balte's |
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Sensorimotor Stage
(Piaget) |
birth to 2
infant learns to deal with physical and social world at the level of overt behaviour |
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Pre-operational Thought
(Piaget) |
2 to 7
Child learns to mentally manipulate words and objects Symbolic thought Involves the prelogical thought "Why?" |
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Concrete-operational Stage
(Piaget) |
7 to 11
thoughts become organised into integrated system of logical groupings Still limited to tangible objects and events |
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Formal-operational Stage
(Piaget) |
>11
Pinnacle of logical thought Involves hyperthetico-deductive thinking End of qualitative cognitive development although assimilation continues through the lifespan |
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Vygotsky's threory of cognitive development focuses on the role of _______interaction as the motive force behind cognitive gains
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social
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Vygotsky's 3 cultural tools required for development are:
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1. Imitative learning
2. internalisation of lessons acquired through play, teaching, coaching and other instructional communications 3. Collaborative learning through the dialectical method with peers. |
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is
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the range of capacity stretching from sole performance to assisted capability
ie. application of Zygotsky's theory in that children working on a problem with a skilled partner can accomplish tasks they cannot solve alone. ZPD is the gap. |
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The 2 learning theorists/classical theories of the social learning approach are
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John Watson and Albert Bandura
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_______ argued that it was possible to shape human development using nothing but _______ and _________ conditioning
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Watson
Classical Operant |
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B.F. Skinner asserted that human behaviour and psychological functioning are learned via principles of __________, ____________ and __________
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reward
punishment extinction |
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Charlotte Buhler emphasised the role of ________ in adult development
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intentionality
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Intentionality is the process of
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1. choosing life goals
2. working towards them 3. evaluating goal achievement 4. selecting new goals |
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The basic assumption of Buhlers theory is that
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each human life is coherently organised from birth to death around goals
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Buhler divided intentionality into 5 major goal tendencies:
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1. need satisfaction
2. adjustment 3. creative expansion 4. inner harmony 5. self fulfillment |
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Levinson's theory is characterised by stables periods of life functioning (_________) and periods of developmental upheavals (__________)
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life structures
transitions |
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Levinson's theory has a major impact on understanding adults development through the predictable stages in _____ life cycle
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career
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According to Balte development in all stages of life is essentially
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social in nature
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Balte optimising psychological potential relies on the process of __________, _____________ and ____________
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selection - choosing and developing a particular psychological attribute to develop
compensation - finding an alternative strategy when another has failed optimisation - movement towards increased efficiency and higher functioning |
