Development Psychology Candida Peterson Chapter 4

Front 1

Reflexes

Back 1

are automatic inborn behaviour patterns controlled by subcortical neural systems

Front 2

The Moro reflex happens when

Back 2

a jolt or loud noise evokes arm stretching then clenching whose purpose is to neurocognition

Front 3

Sneezing is a reflex designed to

Back 3

Clear a blocked nose or throat

Front 4

Sucking is a reflex designed

Back 4

to assist the establishment of feeding

Front 5

Rooting is designed to

Back 5

assist in locating the nipple

Front 6

Crying is a survival reflex that assists well-being by

Back 6

drawing attention to stress and establishing a vehicle of communication with parents/carers

Front 7

How many distinct cries are recognised by parents of newborns?

Back 7

3
rhythmic
mad
pain

Front 8

Disruptions in the transition of involuntary reflexes to voluntary reflexes is being explored as a possible risk factor for

Back 8

SIDS in children less than 12 months

Front 9

Parental reactions to the crying of their baby have both a

Back 9

egotistical and altruistic component

Front 10

Altruistic responses to a babies cries are thought to be a result of

Back 10

the parents exposure to easy to soothe infants when they were teenagers

Front 11

premature babies have a more _________ cry

Back 11

aversive

Front 12

Abusive mothers have a more

Back 12

egotistical response to crying than non-abusive mothers

Front 13

What did Lee Silk do in hospital nurseries that resulted in babies crying less and gaining more weight over 4 days?

Back 13

played tapes if an adults heartbeat

Front 14

Very young infants tend to be soothed by all

Back 14

steady forms of stimulation

Front 15

In aboriginal communities children under 6 months have

Back 15

continual contact with human skin even when sleeping

Front 16

Sleep disturbances originating in infancy are some of the most common behaviour problems of childhood for which parents

Back 16

seek professional help

Front 17

Infants sleep for a total of _____ hours a days in bouts of _____ hours

Back 17

16
2-3

Front 18

Infants show more _____ sleep than adults

Back 18

REM

Front 19

The autostimulation theory of REM sleep suggests that

Back 19

REM sleep serves an important developmental function of providing young infants with challenging mental stimulation

Front 20

REM sleep activates

Back 20

nerve pathways and brain centres

Front 21

At birth the human brain is only ____ of it's adult weight and the subcortical structures are __________

Back 21

25%
most mature

Front 22

Which two types of brian cells are present at birth?

Back 22

neurons and glial

Front 23

Which part of the brain has the most growing to do after birth?

Back 23

cerebral cortex

Front 24

The rapid grains in brain weight in infancy are due to?

Back 24

1. the growth in size of the already present neurons
2. the addition of dendrites and axon terminals to form interconnections with each other
3. the growth of synapses
4. the myelination of neuron channels, pathways and modular connections

Front 25

Myelination is

Back 25

the coating of the axon with an outer sheath made of a fatty substance called myelin which speed the transmission of neural imulses.

Front 26

Neurogenesis is

Back 26

the process of neural growth

Front 27

Synaptic pruning is

Back 27

the discarding of unnecessary connections among neuron's

Front 28

Birth weight typically doubles by

Back 28

4 months

Front 29

physical growth is both

Back 29

cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (from the centre outwards)

Front 30

optimal nurturing conditions for physical growth require both

Back 30

adequate nutrition and freedom from disease

Front 31

A study in the Kimberley region of aboriginal children and growth rate found that

Back 31

children in a households with a TV had a slower growth rate than those with a TV.

Front 32

Families who discard their traditional practices may have a

Back 32

negative effect on child development

Front 33

Both babies and adults respond more positively to

Back 33

beauty

Front 34

What are the two hypothesis that explain cross cultural differences in the motor development of babies? Explain.

Back 34

1. Maturation theory - that each culture has a biologically ordained timetable of growth
2. Experience - exposure to experiences that encourage the motor skill development

Front 35

Aboriginal families tended, by nature, to encourage the early development of

Back 35

motor skills

Front 36

At birth the muscles that control baby's eye movements are

Back 36

not completely under voluntary control

Front 37

At birth babies can only see as far as

Back 37

20cm

Front 38

What visions development occurs at 4, 6, 7 and 8 months of age?

Back 38

4 - infants can respond to complex patterns
6 - size constancy
7 - distinguish between happy and sad faces
8 - depth perception

Front 39

At birth newborns can distinguish

Back 39

human voice from other sounds

Front 40

Babies have trouble distinguishing fine discriminations in sound

Back 40

within a particular sounds category

Front 41

Perception is

Back 41

the brains organisation and interpretation of information conveyed by the sense organs

Front 42

What study showed that babies of 6 months were not as egocentric as piaget predicted because they

Back 42

turned towards the interesting event/object when rotated away from where they originally saw it

Front 43

Babies learning is motivated by

Back 43

curiosity

Front 44

What governs infant attention?

Back 44

the interplay between boredom and curiosity

Front 45

Optimal Schema Discrepancy is

Back 45

repeated attention to stimuli leads to development of mental image

Front 46

What are the 6 steps of Piagets sensorimotor stage?

Back 46

1. Reflex Reactions
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions
4. Coordinating secondary circular reactions
5. Tertiary circular reactions
6. Beginnings of symbolic representation