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101 Cards in this Set
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Muscle fibers |
Muscle fibers are long , striated,cylindrical cells approximately the diameter of a human hair (50-100 Micrometers) Many neulei are dispersed thoughout the cell, which is covered by a firous membrane celled the sacrolemma. Up to 150 muscle fibers can be bundled together into prallel fasciculi, with each fasciculus covered by perimysium (connective tissue) and each muscle fiber covered by endomysium, another type of connective tissue. |
also called muscle tissue, myocytes |
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Sacrolemma |
A think elastic membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) and an outer membrane with collagen and other structure elements, which surrounds each muscle fiber. |
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Scaroplasm |
Sacroplasm is filled with myofibrils ans contain the components require for muscle contraction, including verious proteins, protein filaments, mitochondria, the sacoplasmic reticulum,store glucogen, enzyme and ions. |
speical term of the cytoplasm of muscle fiber |
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Sacroplasmic reticulum |
Scroplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular channels and vesicles, which together provide structual intergrity to the muscle fiber. The muscle fiber. Influx of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm into the muscle fiber results from an action potential in the sacromere, causing the depolarization that initiates muscle movement. |
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Myofibril |
cocsist of long thin chain proteins actin, myosin, titan. Bunches if myfibril and nuclei together make a muscle fiber. |
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Myofilament |
Myofilament containing actine and myosin and are the smaller components of the myofibrils within striated muscle fibers. A scarcomers is a composed of myofilaments. |
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Sacromere |
Smallest functional untie of a muscle fiber, a sarcomer contains the actin and myosin protein responsible for the mechanical prpcess of muscle contractions. Located between two Z-lines. actin and myosin filaments are configured in parallel, end to end, along with entire length of the alternating light and dark pattern of skeletal muscle seen histrologically. The scrcomere has four defined segments: A-band,H-zone, I-band, and Z-line. |
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A-band |
contain actin and myosin |
Sacromere |
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H-zone |
located in the center of the sacromere within the A-band, contains only myosin filaments |
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I-band |
contains only actin filaments and consists of two connected sarcomeres on either side of the Z-line |
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Transverse Tubular system |
Transverse tube system is perpendicular to the myofibiri and two sarcoplasmic channels. at the end of each tubes channel terminates as a Ca2+ storing vesicle. Each Z-line reagion contain two vesicles and t-tube. T-tube passing throught the muscle cell, open externally from the inside of the cell, and touch the sarcolemma on the surface of the cell's outer mmebrane to all inner regions of the cell. Deporalization release ca2+ from vesicles, initiating contractile motion. |
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Myosin |
The interaction between myosin and actin causing sarcomore to shorten as the muscle contracts. Also responsiable for splitting ATP (adenosine triphosphate) The phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis provides the energy require for myosin to produce the power stroke, causing the myosin head to grab onto the actin and pull the filaments closer together as muscle contraction occurs. |
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Actin |
The protein that forms the thinner myofilament,which consisys of two strands of actin in a double helix configuration. The scarcomere contracts when actin and myosin bind together and complete a power stroke |
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Troponin |
Troponin, a protein located at regular intervals along the actin filament,binds with the Ca2+ released from the sacroplasim reticulum (ER) causing a change in tropomysin exposing the binding site on the actin filaments for the myosin heads to from cross-bridges. |
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Tropomysin |
Tropomysin is a protein in the I-band located along the actin filament in a groove formed by the double helix configuration of the teo actin strands. The conformational change of troponin moves the tropomysin deeper into the groove, allowing the actin and myosin cross- bridge to rapidly attatch,pulling the actin toward the center of sarcomere in a contractile action. When troponin is not affecting tropomysin,it inhibits actin and myosin bonding , which prevents a constant state of muscle contraction. |
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Acetylcholine (ACh) |
Vesicles located at the terminal end of moter neurons release the neurotransmitter ACh when an action potential arrives at the terminal end of a motoe neuron. ACh diffuses across the synaptic space of the neuromuscular junction, and this exercise the sarcolemma, initiating muscle contraction. |
ACh |
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Sliding Filament Theory |
The sliding filament theory state that muscle shortening and lengthening is due to the movement of actin and myosin sliding past each other and reducing the distance between the Z-line of the scarcomere because the overlap of the filaments increase. As the myosin cross-bridges attatch and detach from actin filaments, the muscle fiber shortens due to the contractile action. Because minimal Ca2+ is in the myofibril under resting conditions,very few myosin cross-bridges are bound with actin because the binding sites are blocked. During the excitation-contraction coupling phase,the muscle release an eletrical discharge, and this start a series of chemical eventes on the surface of the muscle cell, causing the rekease of Ca2+ inside the muscle cell from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ bind with Troponin,resulting in tropomyosin moving father into the double helix groove, allowing rapid binding of actin and myosin filaments and the power stroke that pulls the actin toward the centerof the sarcomere. During the contraction phase, the enzyme myosin ATPase break down ATP into ADP. The ADP on the myosin cross-bridge globular head is replaced with ATP so that myosin head has energy to deatach from the actin and then re-cook and grab on to the next binding spot on the actim filament, helping to "slide" down and create the sacromere shorting needed for muscular contraction. If ATP and Ca2+ are still availble, the entire contraction process is repeated in the muscle fiber during the recharge phase. Relaxation occurs when Ca2+,ATP,ADP, ATPase is not longer available. The relaxation phase also occurs when motor neurons stop releasing Ach, the Ca2+ levels in the sacroplasmic reticulum return to baseline, and mysin and actin uncouple. |
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All-or-non principle |
when action potential in a motor neuron raches the sacrolemma. the action potential will either elicit activation of all the muscle fibers connected to the motor neuron or no activation of any of the muscle fibers will occur. Partial activation of just some fibers will not occur |
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Conentric muscle action |
Contraction force is greater than the resistive force, causing muscle shortening and joint to move |
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Ecentric muscle action |
When the external resistance is greater than the muscle force (Fm) The muscle develop thesion and lengthens |
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Isometric muscle action |
when muscle generates force and attempts to contract concentrically, but unable to because the resistance force is greater then that generated by the muscle. Dones't creat the movement. still generate the force. No change in length of muscle fiber. |
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Isokinetic muscle action |
Do not occur naturally by result in a dynamic movement preformed at constance velosity. Matchine, such as a dynamometer must be used. |
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Motor unit |
Function of neuromotor system Moter neuron + all the muscle fiber intervates. Motorfunction depends on the morphological and physiological characteristic of muscle fibers intervated by motor neuron |
neuromotor system |
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Motor unit |
Function of neuromotor system Moter neuron + all the muscle fiber intervates. Motorfunction depends on the morphological and physiological characteristic of muscle fibers intervated by motor neuron |
neuromotor system |
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Motor neuron (nerve cell) |
alpha motor neuron (cell body) motor neuron transmit nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the muscle fiber. The alternation of the mueline and nodes allows an electical current to quickly move down the axon with impulses "Jumping" from node to node. end at neuromuscular junction |
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Muscle spendles |
sense muscle tension, eccentric muscle contraction. sends an impulse to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord the signal coming from the sensory neuron synapses with a motor neurons,which travel back to muscle fiber. motor neurons activate muscle cauing "streatch reflex". this cause muscle contraction, the spindle shorten,the sensory impulse stop. Increasing loads cauing the spindles to strech more. The muscle force(Fm) and power are potentialed by this reflextive contraction. |
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GTOs- Golgi tendon organs |
@ musculotendinous junction and detect tension change in an active muscle,acting as a feedback mornitors. GTO to realx the muscle via the inhibitory interneuron "Autogenic inhibition"-- when contracting muscle stimulates the GTOs cauing the opposing muscle to relax. GTOs protecting the muscle form over load. |
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Somatic nervous system |
The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for consious control of voluntary movements |
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
The ANS innervates smooth and cardiace muscle, as well as glands. it is also responseible for visceral motor actions. The ANS sometime called the involuntary nervous system, is not under conscious control. it has two subdivision: the sympathetic and parasymathetic nervous system. |
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Somatic nervous system (SNS) |
prepare the body for the action "fight-or-flight system" pull the blood all around to muscles |
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Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) |
"Resting and digestion system" responsesible for digestive tract mobility, smooth muscle activity assosiated with urination, defecation, pupil constriction and gland secretion. |
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Muscles Type |
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle |
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Muscle fiber type |
Type I -- slow twist muscle fiber Type IIa -- fast twist muscle fiber Type IIx -- type IIb |
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Muscle Type I |
low ATPase activaity Slow Ca2+ handling ability large mitochondria resistance to fatigue edurance sport |
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Sport that require type I&II fibers |
Rowing Tennis Boxing Wrestling Soccer |
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Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) |
The SNS prepares the body for action and is sometimes called the flight-or-flight system. During exercise, the SNS is responsible for directing blood away from the digestive tract and skin and toward the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain. Physiological response associated with the SNS include increased blood pressure (PB), heart rate, and blood glucose levels; sweating ; and dialation of the pupils and lung bronchioles. |
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Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) |
The PNS is considered the "rest and digestion system" because its primary function is conserving body energy by maintaining body activities associated with urination and defecation, pipil constricteion, and glad secretion. |
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Smooth muscle |
SMooth muscle has spindle-shaped fiber that are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers. Smooth muscle fibers only contain one nucleus and do not have stria tions. SHeets of these muscle fibers from the wall of blood vessels and the hallo organs of the urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts. The contractionand relaxtion of smooth muscle is responsible for persitalsis which moves substances through the digestive tract |
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cardiac muscle |
is only located in the wall of the heart and its contraction pump blood through the heart and the body's blood vessels. |
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Skeletal muscle |
skeletal muscle is primary used in the movement of bones at joints and for maintaining posture |
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Type I muscle fibers |
Type I muscle fibers: also known as slow-twitch muscle fibers (slow-oxidative fibers), metabolically, these fibres have a large capacity for aerbic energy supply and relatively resistant to fatigue. Type I fibers have a limited ability to rapidly generate force because of their low anaerobic capasity and low myosin ATPase activity. COmpair to Type II fibers, type I muscle fibers have slower calcium-handing abilities, contract more slowly, have reduce glycilytic capacity, and they habe neurous and relative ly large mitochondria. Type I muscle fibers play an important role in edurance sports have rely on a susstained energy supply, such as long distance running, soccer, cross-country skiing, and distance cycling and swimming. |
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Type IIa muscle fibers |
Type IIa muscle fibers also known as fast-twitch muscle fibers, these fibers are energy inefficient, easily fatigable, and have low aerbic power. Type IIa muscle fiber have a moderate capcity for both anerobic and aerobic energy production. These fibers can be classified as fast-oxidative/glycolytic fibers and they can rapidly generate force duce to high myosin ATPase activity and anerobic power. Type IIa fibers are surrounded by a greater number of capilaries then type IIx fibers, allowing for greater aerobic metobolism. |
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Type IIx muscle fiber |
Type IIx muscle fibers : also type of fast-twistch muscle fiber (sometime called type IIb fibers0, Type IIx fibers have less capacity for aerobic energy production,making them more fatigable then type IIa fibers. Type IIx fibers, considered to be fast-glycolytic (FG) fibers, have the grested=st capacity for anaerobic energy and the fastest shortening velocity so they can generate significant force. Note that many sports require both type I and Type II muscle fibers |
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Motor unit recruitment patterns |
Motorunits contain only one type of muscle. The ability to produce force is a requirement in all sport activities. There are two ways that motor units modulate force production: summnation size pronciple |
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Summation |
Summantion is dependent uppon how frequently motor units are activated. a single activation will cause a minimal muscle twistch with little force production, but if that motor unit continues to be activated at a greater frequency, there can be a summnative effect of thoese twitches, resulting in greater force production. |
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Size principle |
The second method for production is dependent upon how many motor units are activated. if greater force is needed for an activity, more motor units will be recruited. This phenomenon theresholds, any firing rates. Smallest motor units are recruited first, ans as more force is needed, larger motor units (that innervate more muscle fibers) are activated. Ascending recruitment of movements when force changes,while conserving energy. |
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Selective Recruitment |
This is an exception to the size principle. Under some circumstances, train athletes can inhibit the activation of small motor units. This allows larger motor units to be activated immidiately when rapid force production is needed. |
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Nerve Conduction |
When the electrical impulse from the motor neuron arrives at the motor junction, ACh is released, converting the impulse into a chemical stimulus. This generates an action potential- a wave of depolarization- that travel the length of the muscle fiber through the T-tubes, causing the release of Ca2+, which initiates the series of events leading to the contractile movement of the actin and myosin filaments. |
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Electromyograph (EMG) |
Surface and intermuscular EMG is used to assess the qulity and eletricity of the eletrical activity within skeletal muscle resulting from neural activation is implicated when there is an increase in EMG signal |
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Anatomical position |
The position where a person is sending with arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward. From this position, the body can be divided into three antomical planes that cut the body into sections. these antomical planes are important because they can be used to explain normal and athletic movement and the type of resistance exercise for training these movements. |
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Saggital plane |
This plane divides the body into right and left regions. Examples of body movements and related exercise that occur in the saggital plane are ..... flextion and extension |
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Frontal plane |
The frontal plane runs through the center of the body frome side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves. Ex. Adduction, Abduction, inversion of the foot. |
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Transverse plane |
The transverse plane is horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions. EX , rotation |
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Joint Angle |
A joint angle is angle, measured in degrees, between two body parts that are linked by a single joint. Body movements occur due to rotatuin around a joints or multiple joints with the force produced expressed as torgue. Torgue exerted varies by joit due to various characteristic of joint (E.g. rang of motion (ROM); the relationship of muscle length versus force; leverage resulting from the use of joints as first-,esecond-, and third-class levers; and speed of contraction of muscles at the joints). |
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Velocity |
Velocity is the rate of chnage of distance over time. velocity and speed are often used interchangeable, but it is important for the strength and conditioning professional to separate the term. Speed is the rate which an object covers a distance, and velocity describes how fast and in what direction an object is moving. Velocity is calculated by dividing the distance travel by the amount of time it took to cover that distance. |
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Force |
Force is bet visualized as a push and pull exerted on one object by a second object. It is the interaction of teo physical object that have both size (magnitude) and direction. Force is measured in Newtons (N) and can be calculated using the formula: F= m(a+g) F is force m is mass a is acceleration g is gravity (9.81 m/s) The number of cross-bridges formed netween actin and myosin filaments determines the amount of force produced at any moment in time. |
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Force-Volocity Curve |
The force-velocity curve graphically represents relationship between velocity (m/sec), plotted on the x-axis, and force (N) , plotted on the y-axis. The curve shows the inverse relationship between force and velocity, suc htaht as force increase, velocity decreases, and vice versa. The strength and conditioning professional must understand this relationship when planning a training programe. For example, ifan athlete is strong but not fast, more time should be spent training at a lower force intensity (e.g., back squat at 30% of 1RM instead of at 90% of 1RM) the faster velocity to improve speed. |
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Force-Time Curve |
The force-time curve graphically represents the replationship between time (millseconds),plotted on the x-axis, and force, plotted on the y-axis. |
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Rate of force development (RFD) |
The FRD is the change in force divided by the change in time. It has significant relevance for sports where the timing of movements or explosiveness is critical. The generation of maximum force in minimum time is an index of explosive strength. |
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Momentum |
Momentum is the amount of motion that an object has. It is calculated as the velocity mutiplied by the object's mass, and like velosity, movementum is a vector quantity with a direction. Momentum is relevant to sports becuase it can be used for performance assessment. For example , an athlete having a mass of 125 kg and running at 10 m/sec. will have more momentum than an athlete running at the same velocity who is 100kg. Momentum can also play a role in injuries, particularly in collision sports because athletes having a large mass can hit or tackle another athlete with more momentum of an object being contingent upon inpulse. |
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Impulse |
Impulse is the product of the time required to generate a force. This quantity is represented as the area under the force-time curve Impulse increase by improving the RFD with the magnitude of cgange in the momentum of an object being contingent upon impulse |
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work |
Work, measure in Joules (J), is calculated as the applied force on an object muliplied by the distance that the object is displaced (in the direction that force is appled). Quantifying work is useful for strength and conditioning programes because an athlete's training volume over the course of a training session, day, week, or the entire season can provide inforation about how well the athlete can handle varying amounths of training volume and intensity. Work = Force x Displacement |
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Power |
Power is the rate tha work is performed and it ca be calculated as work divided by time. Power can also be calculated as the product of force applied to an object abd velocity. Power is usually measured in watts (W), but it can also be measured in horsepower (hp). Power must be consider the power assiociated with an athlete's sport or activity, and it should use various power outputs relevant to sport specific movement velocities. Because power is the product of force and velocity, improving either of these components will improve the athlete's RED and explosiveness. Power = work / time |
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Center pf gravity (COG) |
The balance point of an object when torque is equal on all sides is the COG. The COG is also the point where the planes of the body intersect. From a sports perspective, the lower an athlete's COG, the more stability he or she has. For example, hockey players skating with flexed knee low over the punk have increased abilitty, makeing it more dificult for opponents to get the player off of the puck. |
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Center of pressure (COP) |
COP refer to the point of application of ground reaction force, whoich is the froce that is exerted by the supporting surface on the body. COP is relevant for postural control and gait and contributes to balance and stability. A tennis plyer may shift his or her COP medially and laterally as seen whrn the player move from side to side before receving a serve. |
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Levers |
Levers are rigid or semi-rigid bodies that pivot on a fixed point or fulcrum, and when Fm is applied (effort), the lever moves a load. Joints act as the body's fulcrums whrn bones and muscle interact. Muscle contraction provides the force required to move an object aginst a resistive force. The load consists of the bone, the tissue over the bone, and whatever load is being moved. The three type of levers differ based on the relative position of three elements: Fm, Fr, and the fulcrum. Levers and relevant to sport activities because they allow a specific amount of effort to move a heavier load or to move a load father or faster then would otherwise be possiable. The majority of muscles in the body oprate as third-class levers. |
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Joints |
Joints are the junctions between bones tha control movement. Fibrous joints allow no movement Cartilaginous joints allow limited amount of movement Synovia jpints allow the greatest amount of movement and ROM Sport and exercise movements promarily occur around synovial joints because of the ROM and reduced friction that they afford. Joints can be classified based on the type of movement they allow, specifically, the number of directions that jpints can occur. Uniaxial joint (elbow) , rotates around only one axis and operates as a hinge Biaxial joints (wrist and ankle) allow movement around two perpendicular axes. Multiaxial joints (shoulder & hip joints) allow movement around three azes (any direction) |
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Fulcrurm |
The fixd pivot point of a lever. |
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Muscle force (Fm) |
The force generated by the contraction of a muscle |
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Resistive force (Fr) |
An external source of resistance that counter the action of the Fr |
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Torque |
Also called movement, tourque is the extent that a force tends to ratate an object around a specific fulcrum. Muscles pull on bones to ceat movement, maintain body position, and resist movement, and this force acts on the bones (levers) at the jpints. Tourque can be qulified as tge magnnitude of the force multipiled by the length of the mivement arm and its measured in a newton meterr (N.m). |
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Movement arm |
Also called the lever arm, force arm, or torque arm, the movement arm is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum |
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Mechanical advantage |
it is the tread-off distance and force, because it is the ration of the ,ovement arm throught which an applied force acts through the Fr, First-class lever has the Fm applied atthe one end of the lever; the Fr is between the end. Second-class lever, an example is standing on one's toes. The metatarsophalangeal joitns act as the fulcrum, body weight isthe load, and tht calf muscle provides the effort as it pulls up on the heel. Third-class lever; Fr ia at one end of the lever, Fm is applied in the middle other lever, and the fulcrum is at the other end. A biceps curl is an example. The Fr is the barbell, Fm is contraction of the biceps, and the fulcrum is the elbow joint. |
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Aginist |
A muscle , or group of muscle, that is most directly responsible for generatingthe force to produce a movement; it is also called a prime mover. when lowering the body in the downward phase of a squat, the agonists are the gluteus maximus and the quadriceps group. |
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Atagonist |
Antagonist generate a motion or force that is the opposite of the agonist's motion. Sometimes an antagonist is a muscle, or muscle groups, that performs a protective action, such as decelerating a force acting on the body or helping stabilize working joints. |
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Synergist |
A muscle that indirectly help to generate force producion during a movement or one that aids in stabilizing the agonist muscle as force is produced. |
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Neutralizer |
Neutralizer prevent unwanted or extraneous movement by pulling agnist and canceling out the motion from the agonist. For example, when the elbow is fixed,supination is often undesirable, so the pronator theres cointeracts the supination ofthe biceps so that only elbow flexion results. |
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Stabilizer |
Stabilizer also called a fixator, a muscle acting as a stabilizer muscle holds certain jints or body segments immobile, so that agonists can optimize movement and force production. For example, to do an abdomical exercise, the pelvis may be stabilized by the contraction of the muscles of the hip joint. it is often optimal to hold the insertion point or proximal joint stable, so that the working have a more fixed end to pull from. |
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Bone |
Human has 206 bones and these bone provide protection and support for the body Skeletal Bones consist of varying amount of spongy (trabecular) and compact (cortical) bone. Shell of dense cortical bone aurrounds interlocking columns of trabecular bone called ostons. Skeletal Bones consist of varying amount of spongy (trabecular) and compact (cortical) bone. Shell of dense cortical bone aurrounds interlocking columns of trabecular bone called ostons.Bone marrow (composed of adipose tissue, vasculature, and the manufacturing site of blood vessels) occupies the space between the trabeculae and blood vessels and extends from the marrow cavity to cortical bone. Bone periosteum, connective tissue that covers all bones, is attatched to tendons. Bone marrow (composed of adipose tissue, vasculature, and the manufacturing site of blood vessels) occupies the space between the trabeculae and blood vessels and extends from the marrow cavity to cortical bone. Bone periosteum, connective tissue that covers all bones, is attatched to tendons. |
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Collagen |
Collagen is the primary structural component of all connective tissue. Bone, ligaments, and tendons are type I collagen, and cartulage is composed of type 2 collagen. Both types of collagen are formed from procollagen molecules, which consist of three protein strands in a triple helix formation. An enzyme produces active collagen, which alignes with other collagen molecules to form long filaments that are the components of microfibrils that form bundles as bone grows. The strength and durability of collagen sterm from strong cross-linking bonds, fomed between adjacent collagen bundles. the longitudinal grpuping of these bundles together forms ligaments and tendons. The bundles can also be arranged in layered sheets of varying directions, as found in fascia, bone, and cartilage. |
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Tendons and Ligaments |
Tendons are fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to the periosteum of bone. Muscle contractions pull the tendon, causing the attatched bone to move. Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone. Ligaments contain elastin, a type of elastic protein that provide that provides the stretch needed for normal joint movement. Tendons and ligaments contain relatively few cells that require little oxygen and nutrients for metabolic activity. Because of the limited vasculature and circulation in tendons, regeneration after injury takes a significant amout of time and is sometimes not possiable without surgical intervention. |
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Minimal essential strain (MES) |
Minimal essential strain (MES) is the stimulus threshold required to initiate new bone growth. Anerobic training can stimulate bone growth and should utilize specific of loading and progressing overload to do so. Specific of loading requires the used of specifin movement pattern and ecerises that directly load and target growth region of the athlete's skeleton. Exercise should involve mutiple joints and apply increasing heavier external loads.
The anaerobic exercise components of mechanical load that stimulate bone growth are the intensity of the load, the speed of loading, the direction of the force, and the volume of the loading. Bome deposition follows Wolff's law, which states that bone remodels accroding to the forces placed upon it; if forces are sufficient in intensity and frequency, bone become stronger, buiding additional matrix and mineralization, or they atrophy and thin with disuse. Aerobic training programe that stimulate bone growth mush high-intensity weight-bearing activities. The intensity of activity has to increase progressively to ensure continual overload of the bone. Because bone responds to the intensity and rate of external loading, when is required. This can be achieved with high-intensity training (HIIT) |
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Change of connective tissue in Anaerobic training |
Anerobic training High-intensity anaerobic training cause connective tissue growth and structural changes. Inceased enzyme activity,due to anaerobic training,results in the formation of collagen that aligns with other collagen molecules to form long filaments. Specific changes within a tendon ionclude an increase in collagen fibril diamerter, numberm, and packing density. These adaptations increase the tensional forces that the tendon can withstand. anaerobic training increase tendon stiffness, which is directly associated with muscular recoil and power production - an important component of performance in some sports |
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Change of connective tissue in Aerobic training |
Awrobic training similar to bone, aerobic exercise intensity that extensity that exceeds that strain put on connective tissue during normal activitoes is required for connective tissue changes to occur |
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Bioenergentic |
Bioenergetics refers to the flow of energy within a biological system and is primarily focused on how macronutrients, containing chemical energy, form food are converted into biologically useable forms of energy to perform work. |
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Catabolism |
Catabolism is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller molecules to make energy aviable to the organism. Catabolism also can involv the breakdown of muscle tissue during periods of heavy training volume, low caloric intake, or high stress. |
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Anabolism |
Aabolism is the process of resturcturing or buikding larger compounds from catabolized materials, which needed to maintain homeostasis and to generate new muscle tissue. |
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Exergonic Reaction |
Exergonic reaction are chemocal reactions that result in the release of energy from the system, whoch can then be used to perform work. |
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Endogonic Reaction |
A type of chemoical reaction that requires that iput of energy. In the body, this energy comes in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These reactions are not spontaneous and are typically involved with anabolic processse. |
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Metabolism |
Metabolism is the sum total of all catabolic + anabolic reaction occurring in the human body. Essentoial physiological processes such as muscle growth and hormone balance rely on these reactions and continually occur so that the body can maintain homostasis. It is possible to evaluates an athlete's energy expenditure (metabolic rate) and fittness level using direct or indirect calorimetry. |
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
ATP is a high-energy molecule used for muscle contractions, movement, and other life-sustaining metabolic process. ATP is an intermediate molecule (consisting of three primary parts- an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates in a chain) that allows energy to transfer from exergonic to endergonic and catabolic to anabolic reaction. ATP is generated and replenished in skeletal muscle by three energy system: phosphagen, glucolytic, and oxidative. |
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ATP Hydrolysis |
Hydrolysis is a general term for any chemical reaction that breaks a chemical bond via the addition of whater. ATP hydrolysis plits ATP molecule into adenosione diphosphates (ADP) and usable energy. The enzyme adenosin triphosphatase (ATPase) is the catalyst fro the hydrolysis of ATP. |
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Adennosine Diphosphate (ADP) |
WHen ATP undergoes hydrolysis, ADP (contain 2phosphate groups), an inogganic phosphate molecule, a hydrogen ion, and free energy are produced. |
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ATPase |
ATPase is rthe enzyme responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of ATP to ADP. The dephosphorylation reaction results in the release of energy used to carry out other chemical reactions. |
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Myosin ATPase |
myosin ATPase catalyzes ATP hydrolysis,providing the energy for cross-brodge recycling. |
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Calcium ATPase |
Calcium ATPase is the enzyme that provides the energy to regulate calcium movement by pumping it into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Sodium-Potassoum ATPase |
This enzyme controls the sodium potassium concentration gradient in the sarcolemma after depolarization to maintain the cellular resting. For every two K+ ions pumped into the cell, there are three Na+ ions pumped out |
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Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) |
AMP results from ADP hydrolysis, which cleaves the second phosphate group, leving one. |
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Biological Energy systems |
There are serveral basic biological energy systems in muscle cells that replace ATP. The phosphagen and glycolytic systems occur in the sacroplasm and are anaerobic mechanism, which means that they do not require oxygen. The eletron transport chain (ETC) and Kerbs cycle are aerobic mechanisms that require oxygen and occur in the mitochondria. The cellular respiration systems act in concert, rather than individually, to provide all required energy during exercise or rest. |
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Phosphagen system (ATP- phosphocreatine "PC") |
The phosphagen system utilizes ATP hydrolysis for high-intensity activaties of short lengthand is also active at the start of all types of exercise of varying intensities until the other systems have gas time to start producing energy. This system relies on the breakdown of creatine phosphate (CP) for energy. Beacause ATP stores are quickly depleted and ATP is required for cellular functions other than muscle contraions, the phosphagen system used CP stores to maintain ATP concentration. This system is reapidly depleted about 10 sec. of maximal intensity work,so the glycolytic system starts to engage and contribute energy after this point. it takes longer for glycolysis, and especially oxidative energy syytems, to generate energy, which is why the phosphagen system is the initial source. |
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Creating Phosphate (CP) |
CP, also called phosphocreatine (PC), concentrations in muscle are four to six times greater than ATP muscle stores, which higher CP concentration that combines a phosphate group from CP with ADP to replenish ATP. CP in store in small amounts, limiting the phosphagen system to supplying energy for intense,shot bouts exercise. |
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