Cscs Exercise Science

Front 1

Catecholamines

Back 1

Released from the adrenal medulla, heavily involved in physiological responses. Increase rate of muscle contraction, elevate blood pressure, increase blood flow, improve testosterone secretion rates in response to resistance training

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Excess post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

Back 2

The increased rate of oxygen above resting rates after an intense bout of exercise. The increased need for oxygen causes a significant increase in resting metabolic rate for 6 to 12 hours.

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MHC (Myosin-heavy chain)

Back 3

Protein that is heavily involved in the remodeling and regeneration of muscle tissue after heavy resistance training. Alters fiber typing by impacting gene expression, increasing protein synthesis, and retarding protein loss. This is caused by increased MHC activity within the muscle cell

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Endocrine system

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System responsible for maintaining the physiological homeostasis in the human body in response to environmental stress or stimuli. Secrets specific hormone types, adrenal, steroid, thyroid, etc, in order to assist with tissue growth, neurological restoration, blood glucose regulation ,and muscular recovery.

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Types of hormones

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Steroid - Primarily responsible for primary and secondary sexual characteristics, and are highly involved in water balance, inflammatory responses, metabolic control, and immunity.

Peptide - synthesized in the nucleus of the cell from various proteins and are utilized as signal or template precursors for other hormones

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Allosteric binding sites

Back 6

Non primary binding sites in the endorcine system that allow for other non hormonal substances to bind on a receptor and either increase or decrease activity at the site

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Cortisol

Back 7

Glucocorticoid hormone that is responsible fo rconverting amino acids to carbohydrates. Thought of as a catabolic hormone, heavily involved in carbohydrate metabolism and related to the storage of glycogen in muscle tissue. An acute response is linked to increase in growth hormone response. Chronically high levels can be an indication of systemic overtraining

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Testosterone

Back 8

Primary androgenic hormone. Impacts muscular physiology via increased protein synthesis and increased growth hormone production. Impacts CNS adaptations to resistance training by increasing neuronal receptor activity, increasing neurotransmitter activity and availability, and altering structural proteins that facilitate muscular contraction

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Steroid hormones

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Secreted from the adrenal cortex and gonads, they are fat soluble, and are passively transported across the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber

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Polypeptide hormones

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Hormones composed of amino acids, not fat soluble, and rely on secondary messengers to deliver their message to the cell and bind to receptors in the cell membrane

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Growth hormone

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somatotropin. Primarily responsible for an increase in cellular amino acid uptake, as well as increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscle leading to muscle growth of type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers. GH is responsible for a wide array of responses, including increased lipolysis, increased glucose and amino acids in circulation

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Diastole

Back 12

Diastole is the period of time in the cardiace cycle that the heart fills with blood. This is the lowest measured pressure taken during BP measurement.

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Systole

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The contractile phase of the cardiac cycle. Sends blood throughout the body. Highest blood pressure value measured

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Sinoatrial node

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The electrical impulse generating tissue of the heart (pace maker). In the right atrium. Establishes normal heart rhythm (sinus rhythm)

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Sinus rhythm

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normal heart rhythm

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Atrioventricular node

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Responsible for delaying the initial signal from sinoatrial node

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Atrioventricular bundle

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Conducts an electrical signal sent from atrioventricular node. Once received, the signal is transmitted to left and right bundle branches. This is the point conduction occurs between atria and ventricles, crucial in maintaining cardiac rhythm

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Left and right bundle branches

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The left and right bundle branches move away from the atrioventricular bundle and towards the ventricles. These fibers transmit electrical pulses at a much faster rate than AV fibers.

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Purkinje fibers

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Essential for the maintenance of constant cardiac rhythm. Located in the subendocardium, within the ventricular walls, these fibers conduct action potentials more quickly than any other cells in the heart because of their specialized muscle cells, cardiomyocytes.

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Tendon

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Connects muscle to bone

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Type I muscle fiber

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Slow oxidative fibers, "slow twitch" primarily engaged during long duration activities

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Type IIa muscle fiber

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fast oxidative and glycolyhtic, fast twitch, medium amounts of force, highly fatigue resistant

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Type IIb muscle fiber

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fast twitch, large amounts of force, glycolytic, rapidly fatigued

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Sarcoplasm

Back 24

the area surrounding the myofibrils in a muscle fiber that store essential elements such as glycogen, fat, various enzymes, mitochondria, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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myofibrils

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internal structure of the muscle fiber (myocyte) and contain long thin chains of protein responsible for contraction of the muscle fiber (actin, myosin, titin comprise myofibrils)

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Myofilament

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long, thin chains of protein that comprise the myofibril.

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3 different kinds of muscle

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smooth muscle

obliquely striated muscle

striated muscle (containing two types of myofilaments actin and myosin)

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Sarcomere

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Basic unit of a muscle fiber; area where actin and myosin are found

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A-Band

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segment-of sarcomere where both actin and myosin are found

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H-zone

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part of the A-band located in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments occur

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I-band

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Part of the sarcomere where only thin filaments (actin) appear, made of two contiguous sarcomeres

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z-line

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part of the sarcomere that occurs in the middle of the i-band and appears as a line running lengthwise throughout

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

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system of tubules surrounding each myofibril, responsible for pumping Ca+ ions into the muscle when action potential has been released onto the sarcomere (also store calcium ions)

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sarcolemma

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cell membrane of striated muscle tissue (separates muscle fibers). Essential in conducting and receiving stimuli from cnnecting nerve fibers

releases Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm

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Myosin

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thicker myofilament and is responsible for crosslinking to actin filaments to produce the shortening of the sarcomere, resulting in muscular contraction

also site of ATP hydrolysis

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actin

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thin myofilament, arranged in a double helix shape, binds with myosin and, with the hydrolysis of ATP, generates a power stroke where actin will slide past the myosin filament

Front 37

Sliding filament theory

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brief overview of muscleular contraction that outlines a series of repetitive events that cause a thin filament (actin) to slide over a thick filament (myosin) that causes a muscle to generate tension and movement

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Neuromuscular junction

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Central communication point for the nervous and musculoskeletal systems that leads to muscular contraction. Electrical signal gets converted into a biochemical reaction and then into movement

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Motor neuron

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located in the CNS and is responsible for transmitting signals from spinal cord to the muscles to produce contraction.

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action potential

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electric impulse triggered by rapid depolarization of the cell membrane of a neuron. Sets a specific series of events in motion(ex.released calcium ions into the sarcomere of a muscle fiber)that ends with a muscle contraction

Front 41

Tropomyosin

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Along with troponin, wraps helically around the actin filament preventing myosin from binding with the actin filament

Ca+ initiates a conformational change; the myosin can bind after this occurs

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troponin

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along with tropomyosin, wraps around the actin fiber. Initiates movements of tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites after Ca+ has initiated a change

Front 43

Acetycholine

Back 43

primary neurotransmitter involved in muscular contraction. once an action potential is released and arrives at a nerve terminal, acetycholine is release from the nerve terminal and diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, causing excitation of sarcolemma. After enough is released, action potential is released across the sarcolemma and muscular contraction occurs

Front 44

Golgi tendon organs

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Responsible for inhibiting tension overload in muscle and tendons. Emits electrical signal to inhibitory neuron in spinal cord. very rapid and leads to an immediate reduction in tension within the muscle, preventing injuries

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Sympathetic nervous system

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autonomic nervous system branch that is responsible for fight or flight; adrenaline, norepinephrine, elevated heart rate, raises mental focus

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parasympathetic nervous system

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autonomic nervous system branch responsible for relaxation, periods of decreased activity levels which governs various passive activities such as digestion

regulates mental acuity, focus, heart rate, and other physiological processes

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antagonist muscle action

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muscle that is acting as an antagonist during a movement (working to decelerate a force acting on a body while stabilizing working joints)hamstring during squat

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Agonist muscle action

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muscle that is primarily responsible for generating the force to produce a movement. quad during squat

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Synergist muscles

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Muscle that acts as a synergist during a movement; stabilize the agonists or indirectly assist in the force production

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Lever

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Machine that allows for a force to be produced about a fixed point, or pivot, and will increase the amount of force that is produced through this arrangement.

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First class lever

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class of lever that requires the muscle and resistive forced to be applied on the opposite sides of the fulcrum

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second class lever

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class of lever that requires muscular and resistive forces to apply on the same side

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third class lever

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class of lever that requires the muscular and resistive forces act on the same side of a fulcrum through a distance shorter than the distance through which the resistive force is acting

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fulcrum

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simple point of rotation for a lever

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Moment arm

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distance from the muscles line of action to the joints center of rotation; oriented in the direction of the force being produced

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torque

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capacity of a force to generate rotation on a fulcrum.

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Muscular force

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mechanical reaction to biochemical stimuli or the response of an uncontrolled reaction in the noncontracile tissues

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Resistive force

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external resistance acting on the body that is acting in the opposition to the muscle forces

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Sagittal plane

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plane that passes through the posterior and anterior aspects of the body and divides the body into left and right halves

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transverse plane

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plane that divides body into superior and inferior aspects. (cuts the body in half at about the waist)

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Frontal plane

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also called the coronal plane. Divides the body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) aspects

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mechanical advantage

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type of leverage that allows for greater work to be performed.

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Power

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average amount of work done per unit time. power and strength differential bytime.

power is as much force as quickly as possible

strength is as much force as possible w/o regard to lifting

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work

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application of force on an object and the distance the object is displaced in the direction of the force

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force-velocity curve

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reference to the representative curve of force and velocity along an x and y axis.this depicts an athlete's ability tocontract with a range of qualities, including high total force at low velocity, and low total force at high velocity

x axis = speed (m/s)

yaxis = force

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strength to mass ratio

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athletes ability to accelerate his or her own body mass.

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bracketing technique

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training method that utilizes a sport-specific movement with less than orgreater than standard resistance in order to generate great acceleration during the movement (parachutes while sprinting)

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valsalva maneuver

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performing a force exhalationagainsta closed glottis (preventing the air fro leaving the lungs) increases torso rigidity

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movement analysis

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assessment that allows the coach to make an informed decision based on the individual movement capacities for a particular athlete

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anaerobic training

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brief highintesity bouts of exercise that includes lifting weights,s printing,agility drills, etc. anaerobic training relies on highrates of speed, power, neural recruitment, and mostly gets energy sources from glycolytic or phosphagen systems

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size principal

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recruiment patterns of the nervous system during muscular contraction. smaller, lower force, fatigue resistant units will contract first when movement is initiated and once threshold for the larger units is reached, they will then contract

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neuromuscular junction

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location of acetylcholine release that initiates muscular contraction.

higher intensity acivities increased the surface area of the junction, the length of the nerve terminal branching increased, and available synapse locations were increased

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bilateral deficit

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neural deficiencywhen performing bilateralmovements that causes a reduction in total force produced bilaterally.

if left uncorrected, athletes may develop imbalanced force relationships in certain movement patterns

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types of joints

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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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fibrous joints

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joints that connect to bones with collagen (fibrous connective tissue), no joint cavity, do not allow for movement

ex. sutures of the skull

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cartilaginous joints

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joints between two bones via cartilage and allow movement to allow elasticity and flexibility

ex. pubic symphysis

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synovial joints

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joint type that connects to bones via a joint cavity, contain a synovialmembrane, and are covered in cartilage

ex. knee

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classes of joints

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uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

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bioenergetics

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biological science that is primarily concerned with the manner in which organisms conert macronutrients from food ingestion into useable energy

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catabolism

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the breakdown of larger, more complex molecules into smaller, less complex molecules that can be utilized as energy sources

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anabolism

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process of restructuring, or building up of materials that havebeen reduced from catabolic processes in order to meet the organisms homeostatic needs. primarily involved in the formation of new aminoacids from previously catabolized amino acids

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exergonic reactions

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chemical reactions that cause the release of energy from a cell or molecule in order for an organism to utilize the released energy for the purpose of performing some wrk

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endergonic reaction

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chemical reaction initiated by previously released energy being absorbed.

ex. anabolic processes, muscular contraction

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metabolism

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totality of all chemical reactions, both endergonic and exergonic, in humanphysiology. metabolism is essential to human physiology

Front 85

adenosine triphosphate

Back 85

ATP is the energy source that various biological systems utilize tocarry out endergonic reactions

composed of adenine group, ribose group, and three molecules of inorganic phosphates

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hydrolysis of ATP

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process of breaking apart the high energy bonds of the ATP molecule in order to utilize the energy from these bonds

this requires one molecule of water and several enzymes to break apart the high energy bonds, which reduces an ATP molecule to ADP and then AMP (di and mono phosphate)

Front 87

adenosine triphosphatase ATPase

Back 87

enzyme responsible for catalyzing the decomposition of ATP to ADP. the dephosphorylation reaction releases energy into a system in order to carry out additional chemical reactions

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myosin ATPase

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enzyme responsible for catalyzing the actomyosin crossbridging response in muscular contraction.

Front 89

calcium ATPase

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enzymatic regulator of calcium movement into and out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which causes muscular relaxation

the removal of calcium from the cell reduces the number of fibers that can crossbridge for muscular contraction and thus leads to relaxation

Front 90

sodium potassium ATPase

Back 90

enzyme responsible for maintaining cellular sodium potassium balance by pumping sodium out of a cell and potassium into a cell. for every 2 K ions pumped in, 3 Na ions are pumped out.

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Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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adenine, ribose, and two molecules of inorganic phosphate. ADP can be converted to ATP with additional phosphate (through the creatine phosphate energy system)

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phosphagen system

Back 92

system active during bouts of intense brief exercise.

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creatine phosphate system

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also known as phosphocreatine, used as a rapid energy resource for high-intensity muscular contractions. system resynthesizes ATP by adding phosphate to ADP

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creatine kinase

Back 94

enzyme that potentiates the activity of the replenishment of ATP molecules for energy utilization in the phosphagen system