Comm 250 Exam 3

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Communication Competence

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the “ability of 2 or more persons to jointly create and maintain a mutually satisfying relationship by constructing appropriate and effective messages”

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Conversational Narcissism

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The tendency of some communicators to monopolize conversations in order to prove that they are effective communicators

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Symbolic Interactionism

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accounts for the development of self through the process of social communication and symbolization, and through the relation of self to mind and society

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High Context Culture

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emphasizes message processing in which relatively little meaning is obvious in explicit content and communicators are expected to rely heavily on context to interpret possible meanings. (you need to know the rules really well to be successful, example: Japan)

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Low Context Culture

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relies less on context for understanding than on explicitly stated messages. (the information you need to know is in the message)

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Elaborate Codes

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communicators using elaborated codes supply a great deal of information, assuming message receivers do not necessarily have sufficient context or background for understanding. (use it when you’re talking to someone who doesn’t understand the context)

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Restricted Codes

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speakers and listeners using these codes then to believe they already have specialized verbal assumptions in common (eg, workplace jargon) and therefore don’t need to verbalize as much information in order to achieve understanding. (fall of shortcuts, inside jokes)

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Aristotle's Definition of Rhetoric

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The ability to see, in each particular case, the available means of persuasion

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Artistic Means of Persuasion

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in classical rhetorical theory, persuasion characterized by creative work from a communication to interpret facts and present proofs relevant to the case at hand.

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Inartistic Means of Persuasion

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in classical rhetorical theory, this is rhetoric based on methods of proving a case that are, for example, based on such external inducements as force, torture, bribes, or prior promises. Inartistic means, in general, are those that do not depend on the creativity or imagination or the rhetoric, or communicator.

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Syllogism

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a form of logical reasoning that moves from major premise through minor premise to conclusion.

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Enthymeme

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similar to a syllogism, except that in an enthymeme one of the two premises is implicit.

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The Hypodermic Needle Model of Mass Media Influence

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early perspective on media effects; held that media caused direct and measurable effects in individuals in the mass audience.

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Lazarsfeld's Theory of Opinion Leaders

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we cannot understand the media system either by looking to media content for its inherent effects or by looking to media audiences for their vulnerability. Instead, a third major variable, interpersonal relation, must be factored into this seemingly simple equation. Most audience members are not directly addressed or changed by media messages, but their discussions of the media with others subsequently form or change their opinions. Certain people in this interpersonal system become influential because their opinions are listened to and heeded carefully by others.

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Gate Keeping Theory

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theory that individuals, or groups, or roles that control the kind and amount of information receivers and receives, supplementing an audience’s direct knowledge of its communication environment.

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Uses and Gratification Theory

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examines what audiences have in mind when they expose themselves to the media. In other words, to what uses do audience members put media messages as they see, hear, or read them? And what personalized or social gratifications do audience members attempt to gain from their use of media messages.

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Fundamental interpersonal relations orientation (FIRO Theory)

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explains the role of the human needs of inclusion, control, and affection in interpersonal communication.

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Ethos

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Appealing to the credibility of the speaker

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Logos

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logic. the actual argument itself

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Pathos

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appealing to emotions(path→pathetic)

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Deliberative Rhetoric

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a mode of persuasion focusing on the future and having the honor and advantage to be derived from a particular action as its primary topics.

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Epideictic Rhetoric

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a mode of persuasion focusing on the present and having praise or blame of an individual (or group) as its primary topic; also called "demonstrative" rhetoric

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Forensic Rhetoric

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a mode of persuasion focusing on the past and having the guilt or innocence of an individual (or group) as its primary topic.

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Afrocentrism

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world view which emphasizes the importance of African people, taken as a single group and often equated with "Black people", in culture, philosophy, and history.

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Machiavellianism

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any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government. willingness to manipulate others for personal gain.

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Dramaturgical Theory

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suggests that a person's identity is not a stable and independent psychological entity; it is constantly remade as the person interacts with others.

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Two-step flow of Communication

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Theory stating that the nonpersonal marketing message is really passed on to an opinion leader who then passes it on to the individual consumer. Believers in this theory attempt to base their marketing strategy on identifying opinion leaders and communicating their marketing message to them.

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Cultivation Theory

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social theory designed in the 1960s and '70s to examine the role of television on Americans.

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Eurocentrism

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term coined during the period of decolonization in the later 20th century to refer to the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective, with an implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the preeminence of European culture

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Emic approaches to the study of culture

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Emic approach refers to the approach that deals with the insider's view of the culture, usually by the natives.

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Etic approaches to the study of culture

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studying a culture by applying the anthropologists view to the culture rather than asking what it means to those in the culture.

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Simon's Definition of Persuasion

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Human communication designed to influence others by modifying their beliefs, values or attitudes

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Impression Management

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How people accomplish interpersonal goals by making strategic choices about presenting themselves, dramatizing themselves, in social situations. We try to control others’ impressions of us. Control (or lack thereof) and communication of information through performances

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Dialectic Theory

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Conflict, or dialectical tension, is necessary for healthy relationships. All relationships are interwoven with multiple contradictions

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Triandis's Culture Syndrome

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A pattern of beliefs, attitudes, self-definitions, norms, and values that are organized around some theme that can be identified in a society

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Complexity Theory

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Part of Triandis's culture syndrome...Some cultures rely on a great number of distinctions and complex relationships among different individuals and groups (such as extended families and divers occupations), whereas other cultures are comparatively simpler

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Individualism Theory

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Part of Triandis's culture syndrome...Cultures grant greater or lesser importance to the relatively independent rights and goals of individual actors

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Collectivism Syndrome

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Part of Triandis's culture syndrome...Cultures grant greater or lesser importance to conformity with larger social groups; this tendency can take either a horizontal form of high interdependence and cooperation with the group or a vertical form tat emphasizes service or conformity on the basis of authority, structure, and tradition

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Tightness Syndrome

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Part of Triandis's culture syndrome...Cultures differ in the extent to which they implicitly regulate behaviors by norms and roles. Tighter cultures prescribe relatively narrow norms of behavior and strict sanctions for deviating from them, whereas looser cultures tolerate or accept a range of conflicting or pluralistic norms. According to research in this area, tightness appears to correlate with homogeneity-that is, the more similar a group’s members are, the tighter the norms of behavior are likely to be

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Articulation Theory

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A way to think about meaning and power relations
Articulation: how ideas become attached/linked together; connectedness
-constantly shifting terrain
-arbitrary
-tied to hierarchy and ideology
-similar/different
Arbitrary moment of closure

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Borderlands

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Physical and social regions where people’s identities are affected by blend of communication expectations (Anzuldua). Bisexuals and biracials...they don't feel as though they fit into either culture.

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Co-cultural Theory

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Examines groups whose members must develop specialized communication strategies to thrive in society (Orbe) [Tied to Kramerae’s muted group theory]

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Opinion Leaders

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In two-step or multi-step flow theories of mass communication, these are people who attend closely to media messages and then influence others through interpersonal communication

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Limited Effects

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-media really have minimal direct influence on individuals
-by adulthood people develop strongly held group commitments that individual media messages are powerless to overcome
-when media effects do occur, they will be modest and isolated

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Agenda Setting

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-media doesn’t just tell us what to think about, but also HOW to think about it
-related to frame theory

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Frame Theory

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it was the communities fault for causing tragedies but then later accused individuals--it is just how things can be framed differently
Analyze situation
Select--decide what to focus on
Partiality
structure--how the story is told

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Ideology

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a system of ideas so thoroughly accepted that communicators don’t question its existence, validity, or importance

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The Pentad

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the act--what is done
the scene--where it was done
the agent--whom it was done by
the agency--how it was done
the purpose--the goal that guided the action
Tiger woods ex

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Hegemony

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a dominant ideology…that you buy into. You come to think that’s how things are.

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Strategic Ambiguity

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the art of making a claim using language that avoids specifics

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Terministic Screen

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a set of symbols that becomes a kind of screen or grid of intelligibility through which the world makes sense to us.