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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Redundancy
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high predictability
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Entropy
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low predictability
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Phatic Communications
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Communications that contains nothing new but keeps the channels of communication open. (i.e. saying hello to people)
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Punctuation
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How people structure their experience in terms of perceptions of when things start, stop, change, etc.
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Consistency Theory
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Means of which people maintain inner balance and consistency among attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
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Social Exchange Theory
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Investigates how interaction is guided by the desire to maximize communication profits and rewards while minimizing communication losses and costs
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Mutualistic Orientation
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Defines communication was a process of relationship awareness and relationship building. Communicators are not autonomous individuals but necessarily enmeshed in relationships where co-participants inevitably affect each others identities
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Conversational Narcissism
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Communicators who monopolize conversations in order to prove they are effective communicators.
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Individualist Orientation
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What one person does to others; often reduces communication problems to aiming proper or effective messages at target receivers- behavior still make valid contributions to the communications discipline.
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General Systems Theory
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describes living systems by referring to the interdependence of their components
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Doubting Game
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Finding Errors (logic, technique, control)
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Believing Game
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Support and Clarify ("in what ways is this true...")
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Doubting/Believing Game
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The game that depends on the willingness to play- to find the intellectual. (Peter Elbow)
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Metaphor
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the comparison of two unlike things without using like or as
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Ethics
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the good verses the bad
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Attitudes of Availability
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all the theories shape perspectives; curiousity, willingness to be surprised, knowledge (wanting to know more), and appreciation for many perspectives (don't be exclusive/closed minded)
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Law of Instrument
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Tendency of a theorist to view problems in light of only one technique, methodology, and perspective. Ideally you start with questions about the problem to study rather than how to study.
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Qualitative Methodology
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Investigating the qualities of the phenomenon are discovered, observed and analyzed. Also known as the naturalistic or interpreted methods.
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Quantitative Methodology
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Investigating by which units of phenomenon are isolated, measured, counted and analyzed.
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Adaequation
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A classical concept that describes how a preceiver or learner must be adequate to the demands of a situation or message or else it will seem relatively meaningless. (Schumacher)
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Verbing
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A way of reminding ourselves that whatever noun labels used we study fluid processes. (Thinking, talking, etc.)
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Metaphors for Transition View
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Geographical or spacial metaphors
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Transmission View
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"a process where by messages are transmitted and distributed in space for the control of distance and people."
Control of people and distance |
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Metaphors for Ritual View
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behaviors and beliefs people have... sporting games, holiday dinners, carnivals, St. Patrick's day...
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Ritual View
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maintenance of society over time
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Jim Carey's discussion of Newspaper on Transmission View
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- Information moving from place to place
- the audience is the product of the newspaper and television - Advertising is how they make money, coupons show how many people read the newspaper/watch television |
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Jim Carey's discussion of Newspaper on Ritual View
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- Drama
- reaffirms world views that we already know - Ethics in the U.S; always being the "good guys" - Social norms/gender expectations (weddings= her day) |
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Communication
(Book Definition) |
the mutual process in which people interpret messages in order to coordinate individual and social meetings, and to develop shared meaning.
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Schon's reflection in action
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"when someone reflects in action he becomes a researcher in the practice context...constructs a new theory of the unique case."
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Which part of the communication model were Shannon and Weaver interested in?
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low redundancy, high entropy
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Shannon and Weaver were interested in 3 levels of problems in the study of communication, what were they?
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1. Level A- how accurately can the symbols of communication be transmitted.
2. Level B- How precisely do the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning 3. Level C- How effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in the desired way |
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Semantic Problems
(Level B) |
meaning of words; the meaning is contained in the message thus improving the encoding will increase the semantic accuracy
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Technical Problems
(Level A) |
simplest to understand and what the model was originally developed to explain
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Effectiveness Problems
(Level C) |
effect of communication
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What does the God Mercury have to do with Communications?
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Patron Saint of Communication
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According to Anderson and Ross human society is based on what?
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communication
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What is the cycle for developing a theory?
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1. Asking
2. Observing 3. Theorizing 4. Checking 5. Reasking |
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What does "asking" in the theory cycle mean?
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You are confronted with a problem that you are unable to explain.
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Felt Difficulty
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the realization that something is wrong
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What does "Observing" in the theory cycle mean?
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you are able to focus your questions in way that may lead you to possible answers
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descriptive research
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charts conceptual territories by gather info about them
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What does "theorizing" in the theory cycle mean?
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you bring your critical and creative powers to bear on the problem you face- begin to build tentative answers.
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Research questions
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asks as clearly as possible what relationship between behaviors can be found in a focused investigation.
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concepts
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theorists build theories from concepts which are complex or abstract ideas that are labeled with special terms to aid our understanding and discussion of them.
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attitudes
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predispositions to act
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Attributes
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properties the theorist claims are present whenever the concept is discussed
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What does "checking" in the theory cycle mean?
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verification research is used to check or verify hypotheses
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What does "reasking" in the theory cycle mean?
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the results of the checking step of theory-building must be questioned again.
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What the basic concepts taken for granted in the systems theory?
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1. Holism- understanding a whole process
2. Openness- how a system interchanges info with the environment outside its boundaries. 3. Hierarchiarcal organization 4. Organized complexity- ever increasing states of differentiation 5. Self-regulation- regulates itself internally by balancing the relations among its components |
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What's the paradox in studying communication?
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sharing meaning through messages
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reflexivity
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the situation in which we attempt to use a skill or a capacity to explain itself
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meaning is...
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the patterns human beings create out of their interpretation of experience.
meaning is processual meaning is personalized meaning is co-constructed meaning is multidimensional |
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2 main characteristics of a paradigm?
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- paradigms create meaning
- usually established in a competition of the best ways to answer questions |
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Who usually begins scientific revolutions?
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new researchers who just begin the theory cycle
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Anomaly
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deviation from the common rule
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Carey's definition of communication
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Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is maintained, transformed, produced and repaired.
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symbols
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represent things other than themselves
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language
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the biggest symbol, produces meaning and reality
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