Comm 250 Exam 3

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communication competence

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o Is the “ability of 2 or more persons to jointly create and maintain a mutually satisfying relationship by constructing appropriate and effective messages”

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• Conversational narcissism

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The tendency of some communicators to monopolize conversations in order to prove that they are effective communicators.

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• Social Exchange Theory (SEC):

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how interaction is guided by the desire to maximize communication profits and rewards while minimizing communication losses and costs.

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• Reciprocity:

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A condition in which a response is correlated with the worth of the original message. For example, if you compliment someone, he or she is likely to reply with a compliment of another positive message.

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• Rewards:

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In SET, an outcome desired by a communicator

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• Cost

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In SET, what a communicator must forgo, or give up, in order to achieve goals.

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• Comparison Level:

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In SET, A cognitive standard that indicates an acceptable level of satisfaction in a relationship or a situation.

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• Comparison Level for Alternatives:

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: In SET, a cognitive standard for comparing the rewards and costs or an existing relationship with the anticipated rewards and costs of alternative relationships; the comparison level for alternatives provides a basis for maintaining or ending the relationship.

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• Pragmatism:

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: A philosophical and theoretical position asserting that the essential meaning of any concept or idea can be seen in the effects it is observed to initiate, AKA American Pragmatism.

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• Machiavellinism:

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: The willingness to manipulate others for personal gain.

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• Metaperspecive:

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In interpersonal perception theory, a PERSPECTIVE about a PERSPECTIVE; Jane’s view on how John sees Jane.

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• Roles:

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A set of behaviors expected of a certain position

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• Interpersonal Perception Theory

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: Refers to the judgments that a person, perceiver, about another person, target, where the target is a real person.

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• Dialectical theory

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o Examines how relationships develop from the interplay of perceived opposite forces or contradictions (i.e. autonomy/connection, openness/closeness, predictability/novelty), and how communicators negotiate these ever-changing processes.

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• Dialogic theory:

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o So-called commonsense notions of communication tempt people to concentrate on the individual’s psychological perspectives.

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• Culture as a Superorganic phenomenon:

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d

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• High-Context Culture

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o emphasizes message processing in which relatively little meaning is obvious in explicit content and communicators are expected to rely heavily on context to interpret possible meanings. (you need to know the rules really well to be successful, example: Japan)

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• Low-Context Culture

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o relies less on context for understanding than on explicitly stated messages. (the information you need to know is in the message)

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• Elaborate Codes:

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o communicators using elaborated codes supply a great deal of information, assuming message receivers do not necessarily have sufficient context or background for understanding. (use it when you’re talking to someone who doesn’t understand the context)

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• Restricted codes:

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o speakers and listeners using these codes then to believe they already have specialized verbal assumptions in common (eg, workplace jargon) and therefore don’t need to verbalize as much information in order to achieve understanding. (fall of shortcuts, inside jokes)

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• Articulation:

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studies how ideas and cultural concepts are linked together through public discussion into complex clusters of meaning, which then appear to be unified and whole. Articulation in this approach suggests connectedness, in addition to its more common contemporary meaning of the ability to verbalize.

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• 3 Characteristics of Cultural Studies practice

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o (1) It recognizes the constant making and remaking of social practices, and therefore, the inevitability of “contestation” or continual arguments about them; (2) it focuses on popular forms of entertainment as a “terrain” for political power struggles where people actually live their lives; and (3) it is committed to a form of “radical contextualism” in which it’s impossible to define culture’s importance except locally and concretely, in immediate context.

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• Characteristics of articulation

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They are shifting, temporary phenomena, constantly in flux; are arbitrary features of discourse – they are not necessary or inherent in the phenomena being described; they depend on hierarchical relationships; and they’re potentially tie together both similarity and difference.

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• Standpoint Theory:

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o traces the ways in which the locations of distinct social groups… shape members’ experience, knowledge, and ways of interacting.

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• Muted group theory:

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o studies how women’s voices can be “silenced” by the political dominance of men’s interpersonal perceptions and behaviors.

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• Eurocentrism:

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o the tendency to explain and judge cultural phenomena in terms of standards developed within traditional European art, science, literature, and philosophy.

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theorist known as the "radical empiricist"

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William James

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Five Axioms of Communication (according to plato alto group)

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1 )The Impossibility of Not Communicating
2 )The Content and Relationship Levels of Communication
Content level-in relational/interactional theory, an emphasis on what’s being discussed overtly, the “content.”
Relationship level-in relationship/interactional theory, emphasis on how messages affect or comment upon the relation between the communicators.
3) The Punctuation of Sequence of Events
4) Digital and Analogic Communication
Digital Communication- in relational/interactional theory, communication that depends on arbitrary agreements like the all or none digital based system of computers, or the agreements in languages that certain words will stand for certain things
Analogic Communication-communication, usually non verbal, that is connected more immediately to the actuality of the interchange than to prior agreements about symbols or meanings. Ex. Shaking someone’s hand in a harder or softer way is more a part of a relationship then a statement about a relationship.
Mixed Messages-contr

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In Nakayama’s Reading of how white masculinity is re-centered in “Showdown in Little Tokyo”:

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• De-centering masculinity is making women the center by focusing on women’s needs.
• In Greek times, males who were landowning and had the ability to vote were the ones who were considered citizens, and in today’s world we are “de-centering” the white male because we begin to look at minorities.
• Now we have moments where you don’t have to be a white male, Ex. Oprah, Family Matters, George Lopez Show. The media is de-crowning white middle class male.

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George H. Mead- Symbolic Interactionism:

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An approach to social relations that emphasizes the importance of negotiated meaning associated with symbols exchanged in interaction between the self and others.

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3 PARTS:

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Mind-is a different level for considering the same basic processes of interaction and differentiation. Because we develop what Mead calls mind, we are able to create an interior setting for the society we see operating outside of ourselves.
Self-becomes possible for a person as a result of noticing that, just as others can be treated as objects of action, so can he or she turn messages of reflexively inward for personal notice.
Society- web of social relationships that human beings create and in which they engage through what he calls acts.

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3 PRINCIPLES:

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• Human beings act toward things on the basis of meaning those things have for them
• Meanings arise out of interaction with others
• We interpret things (people/objects) in our environment

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Feral Children; theories of symbolic interactionism: (Esp Jenie)

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Because the feral children were brought up with no language and not knowing anything. And without language human beings can’t function in a society which is basically the meaning of symbolic interactionism. The feral children, (esp Jenie because she was the worst case ever) were never able to learn language and associate meaning with words by interacting with others which is what symbolic interactionism is all about. People interpret things by their environment which is how they give the words meaning.
RULES THEORY:
Rules that define the nature of rules: Rules allow us to organize and coordinate our lives. They create order our of chaos, uncertainty, and confusion. Rules is how without being told people know how to act, and look towards others and whether it’s okay to talk or not.
rules can either be implicit(understood at subtle levels) or explicit(obviously and consciously referred to)

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Anderson & Ross’s reasons for culture: Understanding culture involves both psychological aspects and communicational aspects.

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• Bradford J. Hall says that culture refers to a community specific system of common sense which facilitates shared meanings and coordinated actions. It is a system which is interdependently related to human interaction and which includes standards for appropriate and effective human interactions.
• Harry Triandis says that culture is a set of human made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increase the probability of survival and resulted in the satisfactions for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus become shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place
• William Gudkyhunst says that culture is our implicit theory of the game being played in our society

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Anderson & Ross’s reasons:

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➢ People in groups develop culture because it simplifies their communicative tasks in several ways
➢ Culture creates a better chance of survival, similar people banging together for physical and psychological protection is an old communication strategy
➢ People find interaction within their own culture satisfying because to some extent it helps them to avoid uncertainties and to experience fewer interpersonal surprises that may lead to problems
➢ Because culture is ecological, its shared attitudes, values, and customs provide its participants with a sense of identity

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Baxter & Montgomery’s Dialectical Theory (primary contradictions present in healthy relationships):

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• The fundamental fact of human existence is neither the individual as such nor the aggregate as such
• To theorists of dialogue, fundamental human reality can only be observed during those occasions when people meet eachother
• Identity, Language, & Communication→ the region of human existence that links self to others
• Genuine Dialogue→ each participant really has in mind the other or others in their present and particular being and turns to them with intention of establishing a living mutual relation between himself and them
• Technical Dialogue→give and take quality but is actually designed only to achieve a specified end through objective communication
• Monologue→a dominant voice divorced from the expectation of response.

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William Schutz’s Three Personal Needs:

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Inclusion is the need to establish identity with others.
• Control is the need to exercise leadership and prove one's abilities. Groups provide outlets for this need. Some individuals do not want to be a leader. For them, groups provide the necessary control over aspects of their lives.
• Affection is the need to develop relationships with people. Groups are an excellent way to make friends and establish relationships.