Cognitive Test 1

Front 1

What is cognition?

Back 1

Scientific study of the mind

Front 2

When was the behavioral revolution?

Back 2

1960's

Front 3

Sensation vs. Perception

Back 3

Sensation = Light hits eyes
Perception = Brain makes sense of it

Front 4

Bottom-up processing

Back 4

info-driven, parts

Front 5

Top-down processing

Back 5

context driven

Front 6

template approach

Back 6

store all possible templates, formed through experiences

Front 7

problem with template approach?

Back 7

not everything fits into a template, can't explain generalization

Front 8

prototype approach

Back 8

average all templates together

Front 9

canonical perspective

Back 9

angle that best represents an object

Front 10

feature analysis approach

Back 10

identify specific features that make up an item

Front 11

word superiority effect

Back 11

top-down approach
researchers flashed either "k" or "work", word condition was more accurate

Front 12

place of articulation

Back 12

where the sound happens (roof of mouth/lips)

Front 13

Miller & Nicely (1955)

Back 13

hear sounds + white noise
"what did you hear?"
confused sounds more often than when 1 feature differed (p vs. b... w vs. b)

Front 14

phoneme restoration effect

Back 14

can understand word even with missing sound

Front 15

Warren & Warren

Back 15

*eel study, context cues, top-down

Front 16

Biederman (1987)

Back 16

Recognition by components theory
Geons
basic 3D shapes make up everything

Front 17

Agnosia

Back 17

problems with perception

Front 18

Apperceptive agnosia

Back 18

can't put parts together into a whole (human drawing, parts everywhere)

Front 19

Spatial agnosia

Back 19

spatial ability problems (can get lost in own house)

Front 20

Prosopagnosia

Back 20

problems recognizing faces

Front 21

filter theory of attention

Back 21

stimuli -> sensation/perceptual analysis -> bottleneck -> response
(unattended info is lost)

Front 22

Evidence for filter theory of attention

Back 22

dichotic listening task (Broadbent 1952)
shadowing task (Cherry 1953) "repeat what is coming into your left ear"

Front 23

Problem with filter theory of attention

Back 23

Cocktail party effect (Moray 1959)

Front 24

Attenuation theory

Back 24

Anne Treisman (1960)
messages filtered but not lost

Front 25

Evidence for attenuation theory

Back 25

Gray & Wedderburn (1960)
Mice Scratch Cheese... Dogs Eat Fleas
Physical location doesn't always matter

Front 26

dual task paradigm

Back 26

harder to do 2 tasks concurrently if both are within same modality

Front 27

practice & divided attention

Back 27

Spelke, Hirst, & Neisser (1976)
read & take dictation, can improve with practice

Front 28

Stroop Effect

Back 28

Automatic vs. Conscious processing

Front 29

automatic processing

Back 29

mental processes without awareness, more automaticity, less attentional resources

Front 30

Hemineglect

Back 30

Failure to attend to left side of visiospatial areas and mental images
due to damage of the right parietal lobe

Front 31

Testing for hemineglect

Back 31

Line bisection task

-----x------
--------x---

Front 32

Dual-Coding Hypothesis

Back 32

two types of thought, verbal codes ("apple") and imagery codes (picture of an apple)

Front 33

propositional codes

Back 33

under verbal codes

Front 34

analog codes

Back 34

under imagery codes

Front 35

logogens

Back 35

under verbal codes

Front 36

imagens

Back 36

under imagery codes

Front 37

concrete words are coded as:

Back 37

both logogens and imagens

Front 38

abstract words are coded as:

Back 38

just logogens

Front 39

Pavio (1965)

Back 39

learn list of 16 noun pairs

2 concrete, 1 concrete/1 abstract, 1 abstract/1concrete, 2 abstract

11.41, 10.01, 7.36, 6.05 correct

Front 40

Shepard (1967)

Back 40

study list of pictures and list of words, 2 hour delay, then recall
100% pics recalled
80% words recalled

Front 41

Schooler & Engstrom-Schooler (1990)

Back 41

Shown a robbery video
Either imagine the robber or verbally describe the robber
Imagining the robber was more accurate

Front 42

Shepard & Metzler (1971)

Back 42

Mental rotation task
more degrees of rotation, longer it takes to determine if same image
Evidence for similarity between images and real life*

Front 43

Kosslyn (1985)

Back 43

imagine fly standing next to rabbit/elephant
"does the rabbit have red eyes?"
elephant condition took longer to answer
Evidence for similarity between images and real life*

Front 44

Kosslyn, Ball, & Reiser (1978)

Back 44

a fictitious map of an island, travel from A to B.
Took longer if route was longer
Evidence for similarity between images and real life*

Front 45

Brooks (1968)

Back 45

F
start to top left, work way around, answer yes/no at each corner if it's a top or bottom
either speak or point yes/no
Evidence for similarity between images and real life*

Front 46

Chambers & Reisberg (1985)

Back 46

duck/rabbit image, shown 5 secs
told either see duck or rabbit
when they mentally picture it they don't see the other, when they draw it they do see the other
Evidence for difference between mental imagery and real life*

Front 47

Tversky (1982)

Back 47

errors in map imaging due to previous experience
"is reno more east than san diego?
Evidence for difference between mental imagery and real life*